Italian Renaissance Analysis Essay Example For Students

Italian Renaissance Analysis Essay Italian Renaissance As the fourteenth century guided out the Middle Ages in Italy, another time of social blossoming started, known as the Renaissance. This period in history was celebrated for its recovery of traditional subjects and the converging of these topics with the Catholic Church. These topics of humanism, naturalism, independence, style, and learning and reason showed up in each part of the Italian Renaissance, most especially in its specialty. Humanism can be characterized as the possibility that individuals are the essential proportion of everything Fleming, 29. Renaissance craftsmanship indicated a reestablished enthusiasm for man who was portrayed in Renaissance workmanship as the focal point of the world. Pico della Mirandola said that, there is not something to be seen more magnificent than man. Fleming, 284 This could nearly be taken as a witticism for Renaissance craftsmanship. Michelangelos David obviously bolsters Mirandolas explanation. Since Renaissance craftsmanship concentrated on speaking to unmistakable, human figures, instead of portraying scenes from the Bible so as to commend God, the craftsmen needed to think in increasingly common, logical terms. Craftsmen got comfortable with science and the idea of room, just as life structures. Lorenzo Ghiberti examined the anatomical extents of the body, Filippo Brunelleschi was keen on arithmetic in design, Leone Battista Alberti, who was gifted in painting, figure and engineering, focused on the investigation of science as the fundamental standard of expressions of the human experience Fleming, 285. Leonardo likewise took a gander at the geometric extents of the human body Calder, 197. In painting, yet particularly in mold, craftsmen were enlivened to communicate the auxiliary types of the body underneath its outer appearance. Their anatomical examinations opened the route to the demonstrating and the developments of the human body. In painting, naturalism implied an increasingly reasonable portrayal of regular articles. In Fra Angelicos Annunciation, he shows a precise multiplication of Tuscan natural science Wallace, 237. Additionally, the idea of room was significant. In painting, figures were put in a progressively typical relationship to the space they involved. Human figures would in general become progressively close to home and person. Three away from of that are Donatellos David, and Leonardos Mona Lisa and Last Supper, in which the twelve unique articulations of the missionaries were appeared. Each sculpture, each representation was a distinctive individual who established a significant connection. Mary and the blessed messenger Gabriel turned out to be human in Fra Angelicos Madonna Wallace, 45. In any event, when put in a gathering, each individual figure stood apart independently, as in Boticellis Adoration of the Magi. One type of craftsmanship speaking to the individual was the picture. Affluent families and people authorized specialists to make sculptures and artworks. High respect for singular character is exhibited in the number and nature of pictures painted right now Flemming, 286. Italian Renaissance humanism were propelled by a rediscovery of the estimations of Greco-Roman development. A case of engineering recovery is Bramantes Tempietto, a little sanctuary manufactured where St. Dwindle is said to have been killed. Bramante later got an opportunity to expand on an a lot more noteworthy scale: St. Subsides Basilica. Plainly utilizing traditional human advancements as his model Bramante said of St. Dwindles, I will put the Pantheon on the Basilica of Constantine. Flemming, 309-310 Other designers returned to the focal kind houses of worship displayed on the Pantheon, instead of the rectangular basilica that had advanced throughout the hundreds of years. They resuscitated traditional requests and outlines. Enhancing themes were inferred straightforwardly structure old sacophagi, reliefs, and cut diamonds. Stone carvers returned to the potential outcomes of the naked. Painters, nonetheless, didnt have the old style references that artists had, so they utilized fanciful subjects. With the entirety of the considering and learning of workmanship in the Renaissance, it would be of little miracle that the subject of a portion of the craftsmanship was learning itself. .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338 , .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338 .postImageUrl , .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338 , .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338:hover , .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338:visited , .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338:active { border:0!important; } .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338:active , .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338:hover { obscurity: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enhancement: underline; } .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-adornment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ub8ecbd506e 6991c9a3048f4a48940338 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: The Renaissance and the Harlem Renassance EssayThe most renowned case of this is Raphaels School of Athens. Raphael, alongside Michelangelo, was put in the painting among the positions of craftsman researchers. As individuals from a philosophical hover goal on accommodating the perspectives on Plato and Aristotle, Raphael and his companions contemplated that Plato and Aristotle were stating something very similar in various words. The two rationalists were set on either side of the focal. On Platos side, there was a sculpture of Apollo, the lord of verse. On Aristotles side there was one of Athena, goddess of reason. Spreading outward on either side were bunches relating to the different ways of thinking inside the two significant divisions Barrett, 87. Regardless of what subject of the Italian Renaissance is named, there is in every case some case of a comparing craftsmanship indication of it. For humanism it was David, for naturalism it was Annunciation, for independence, it was The Last Supper, for style, it was St. Subsides Basilica, and for learning and reason, it was The School of Athens. It was these topics, which commanded each other part of the Renaissance, that ruled the masterful viewpoint.

Mechanical Engineer free essay sample

Mechanical Engineering is perhaps the best field of the designing range. Other designing callings incorporate electrical building, structural designing, and auxiliary building among others. Mechanical designing is seen as the most intriguing of the vocations accessible building callings since it influences all parts of exercises completed by people like wellbeing, relaxation, instruction and work. It constantly engaged with so much fields as production and structure of practically everything that incorporate PCs, WebPages, microchips, motorways and as though that isn't sufficient, vehicles are additionally planned by mechanical designers. The establishment of a mechanical building profession is framed by one drawing in him/herself in rehearsing and instructing him/herself in mechanics, arithmetic, plan, vitality and warmth. Mechanics ought to incorporate liquid mechanics for still water and even examination of superheated gases that stream in space vehicles. One should give it need to be prepared in mechanical building calling on the grounds that mechanical designing is perhaps the broadest field among the different building callings one can take. We will compose a custom paper test on Mechanical Engineer or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In this manner one ought to think about going to the most excellent preparing school or college to accomplish my long lasting anticipated dream and furthermore to accomplish a wide pool of information in the field. One should know that the principles of training required for an individual wishing to take a vocation in mechanical designing have been modified upwards with the goal that simply the best people just accomplish this calling. One should taken it upon him/herself to perform well in school and go with excellent evaluations so he/she can get a spot in perhaps the best school offering this expert preparing. Nearly in each region of industry, there are employments for mechanical architects. Later on, the open doors that open up incorporate getting oneself in explore, fabricate, structure, the executives, promoting and improvement. These territories are seen as regular in all organizations on the planet. One ought to likewise think of it as a need to continually update, improve and ven create hardware. At the point when I get a new line of work in this field, one should be committed to all the obligations appointed and even complete more research work so as to accomplish the best and be the best specialist ever. Since there are numerous colleges offering degrees in the mechanical designing field, this implies there are likewise numerous courses in the field. This calls for one to check the outlines of these col leges before applying for this course. He/she should initially guarantee that the degree will be licensed and perceived by the foundation of specialists. One will from that point take four years and this should lead him/her to MEng capability. This will make the mechanical specialist to be perceived as an alumni engineer. He/she will from that point take one year in the field accomplishing handy work understanding while still in school. In order to accomplish Initial Professional Development (IPD), from that point forward, one should go through in any event four years in order to increase affirmed work understanding in the wake of graduating. This will clear path for him/her to be gabbed. The first pulling in highlight to this profession is the information with which one consolidates to fit the bill for it. British blokes state that information is power. One needs by and by, to be set up to address this difficulty. He will take as much time as is needed and devote it well in order to accomplish it. The profession keeps one youthful and illuminated consistently. He goes about as a wellspring of information that lights the word and makes it a superior spot. Another inspiring variable for an individual to live trying to be a mechanical specialist is the compensation bundle that accompanies it. It is so promising and truly empowers one to live cheerfully and get the opportunity to appreciate the products of his past speculation. The guardians feel great of their kid having flourished in the designing field as he/she can bolster them when they become old. The other drawing in include is that there are numerous chances to develop in the mechanical building field. With time, one may need to advance my instruction. There are additionally open doors for these. One can do aces and even PhD in mechanical building to turn into a rousing device for forthcoming mechanical designers. Expertly, a mechanical architect will acknowledge in an incentive with time due to the experience he/she has. Inside an extremely brief timeframe, the benefit of employing an architect can significantly increase on the grounds that the experience he/she has combined with innovative advances, will make a mechanical designer to be an important resource that no organization might want to free. What happens then is the addition in installment in order to hold this enormous resource. Joseph (1986) hypothesizes that later on, to guarantee that a mechanical architect is at standard with the changing universe of building, he/she should make arrangements to partake in gatherings sorted out by mechanical designers in order to stay in contact with the evolving scene. The architect will consistently audit my aptitudes and add new innovation to it through understanding diaries and in any event, taking more courses so as to cover more zones of the mechanical building vocation. As a rundown, mechanical building is viewed as the starting point of all the designing callings on the planet. For instance, for a structural designer to develop a street, he/she will require land movers, that are essentially planned and produced by a mechanical architect. For an auxiliary specialist to construct an elevated structure, he/she needs to counsel a mechanical designer for pulleys and plan of plumbing administrations. For an electrical designer to fix and keep up a workstation, he needs apparatuses that most probable structured and produced by a mechanical specialist. In this manner considering all these, mechanical building is viewed as the foundation of all the designing fields known to man and this ought to be a rule to urge on to take a profession in mechanical building.

The Role of National Organization for Women

The Role of National Organization for Women NOW is the abbreviation that stands for the National Organization for Women. The national organization definition was created in 1966 by a group of women that were against discrimination. There are about 500,00 active members in the USA and this is the biggest organization in the country. The purpose of founding this organization was to achieve the equality for all the women. Equal partnership with men is the goal that the organization has been going to since the date of its foundation. Thanks to the active steps of this organization, more and more women have the right to build up a career in any field, run business, defeat any kind of physical abuse and much more. More and more women become delighted by hard work of all the participants of NOW and its contributors. They start a new life that has no boundaries for the only reason of being a female. The contribution to the psychological state of women in the US is valuable. NOW history and recollections A group of 28 women went to the National Conference of the Commission of Women in 1966. New womens rights organizations were founded there. The fact of discrimination in all fields of life was proved. That was the turning point in the history of the whole population of the US. That day became the official manifestation of the beginning of a new era in the relationships between people in all spheres of life. The national organization list of actions included: Opportunities for education; Opportunities for a political career; Opportunity to be respected in any sphere. That was just the beginning. The influence of the organization was growing every year. They have organized dozens of public meeting with women to motivate them and prove that their lives can become much better. The biggest march in the 90s gathered over 100,000 people. 2004 shocked all the globe by a fantastic march that gathered 1.15 million people that came there with only one goal to advocate for the reproductive health options of women. The role of NOW health A National Organization of Women has a fantastic influence on the role of woman in a modern society. The major priorities of the organization follow the needs and the rights of all the women no matter where they live and work. Women feel supported and they know that they have the right to live the life they are dreaming about without any fear to be judged by men or anyone else. Some decades ago, we heard a lot about violence regarding women and it was treated as a norm. It’s hard to believe that a loving husband could hurt a helpless woman during many years of living in one apartment. And now any woman can stand up and get help and support if needed. No abuse is ever allowed. Thanks to Gloria Steinem definition, women know that they deserve to be respected by the society no matter what. 1967 was the year when the abortion was named as legal. It was another turning point when women stopped being afraid for their lives and the lives of their children. Every woman received the right to go to the clinic or hospital and get the services that she wants without being blamed for anything. There was a Project Stand Up for Women that was created by the NOW that was using a strategy to defend the rights of women in this case. National Organization for Womens definition There are a lot of women that are not employed and there was a much bigger number of such women fifty or seventy years ago. The attitude to them was different in the past. A woman that took care of a baby wasn’t concerned as a working woman. You could probably hear the phrase that every mother is a working mother. It became popular thanks to the hard work of NOW. Nowadays, every mother that takes care of kids is considered to be working at home. It seems obvious now that a woman is working hard to take care of everything if she’s a housewife. She deserves respect from the society as she plays a great role in her family. It was very hard for the feminist majority foundation to make men believe that their wives deserve love and care as well as respect and equal right in any sphere of life. Those days are left for national organization for women apush exam and we can say thank you to NOW for doing a great job. A woman’s appearance One of one more great results of the work of NOW is establishing a Women’s Health Project that had an aim to teach women to love their bodies and soles. Love Your Body Day was first launched in 1998 where all the women were agitated to stop suffering and start living themselves. The human’s appearance shouldn’t influence life and career anyhow. This day has been very special for all the women since that year. This day is a manifestation of the right of women to look like they want and not like someone wants them to look like. Girls of middle school, high school, and other women received much help and support on this day that helped them to get much more self-confidence and self-respect. There’s no need to look like a top model and suffer from being different. It’s hard to imagine how women suffered from weird comparisons some decades ago. hat is a National Organization for Women? National Organization for Women was created by a group of 28 women that wanted to change the world and they did it successfully. We cannot undervalue the role of this organization when if we look around and see that women can be not only house wives but also managers and founders of large corporations. The information about the national organization for women should be spread around the globe to let all women choose their way in life.

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What is Religion - 2214 Words

Religion comes from the Latin word religare which means to â€Å"to tie, to bind.† It is a belief in something sacred which binds a number of people together based on a common purpose. Religion is just not an organization but it is also a platform of seeing the world. It is like a prism which shows different light to different people. India is a country where people of different religion has come and has settled down. There are the fire worshipping Hindus, the Kitabia Muslims and Christians, the minority like Arya Samaj, Sikhs, Judaist, Jains, and Buddhists etc all living under the same nationality. In India all these religions are given the equal weightage and no discrimination is done on the basis of such belief. India is a secular state with many different religions living for ages. According to the 2001 Census of India, 80.5 percent of the total population is Hindu while Muslims account for 13.4 percent and Christians 2.3 percent. The country also has Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, and Jewish communities as smaller minorities. Even before secular word was inserted in preamble in 1976, Supreme Court already has observed that secularism was one of the basic features of Indian Constitution. In Kesavanada Bharti case and Indira V Rajnarain case the State shall not discriminate against any citizen on the ground of religion only and that the State shall have no religion of its own and all persons shall be equally entitled to the freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess,Show MoreRelatedReligion : What Is Religion?2567 Words   |  11 PagesWhat is religion? Remember to advance a claim, make an argument, and support that argument with evidence from our readings. A Way of progress/life goal Primal Religions= Confucianism= To become a Chun Tzu Taoism= To follow the Way and attain or maintain te. ‘‘two great sanctions: the moral requirements visible in nature and the inner conviction of what is right and wrong The eastern religions of Taoism and Confucianism, as well as, the primal religions discussed by Smith are far differentRead MoreReligion : What Is It?902 Words   |  4 PagesReligion: What is it? There are many different religions that people believe in today. When I think of religion I think of a group of people who believe in a god or gods that created the world and determine your faith. There are different forms of theist religions, some of these religions believe in many gods and some only believe in one. That to me was the main part about being religious, is that you had to believe in a god. I never believed or knew that religions could be non-theistic, so I alwaysRead MoreWhat is Religion?1045 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is Religion? Religion has many meanings; a way of life, belief, and practices. In America people have different views on religion; it was indicated in the constitution. What is the constitution? The constitution is set of laws approved by the state. Religion and constitution are separate. As stated in the constitution of the United State of America, the first amendment, â€Å"congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion.† I n other words the constitution and religion are notRead MoreWhat Is A Religion?1317 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is a religion? A religion is a set of beliefs based on a common principle shared by a community. Some of the most famous religions are Christianity, Buddhism, and Judaism. The goal of Christianity is to be one with God. Key Christianity practices include Sunday service, reading bible, praying regularly, and pilgrimages to hold the community together and have a strong relationship with God. Christians also have a strong devotion to saints. In Buddhism, people practice detachment from everythingRead MoreWhat Is Religion1838 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is Religion? Is religion a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny or is it a system of symbols, myths, doctrines, ethics and rituals for the expression of ultimate relevance (Carmody, 2008). Religion is the human quest for experience of, and response to the holy or sacred and a combination of all individuals desire to attain the promise of a better life than that here on earth, human spirituality. Religion is the voluntary subjection of oneself to God (CatholicRead MoreWhat Is a Religion?585 Words   |  2 Pages A religion is a system of beliefs, collective ideas, traditions, and rituals that serve the purpose of gathering, unifying, educating, and enlightening a group of people by influencing and guiding their insights, thoughts, and ways of life. Religion has been highly influential through the course of human history as a source of influence. A large proportion of people in the world today believe in a religion. Religion is most like a system, or collective structure designed to encourage beliefsRead MoreCulture And Religion : What Is Religion?1758 Words   |  8 PagesCulture and Religion What is Culture? What is Religion? Which predates the other? Are they different from another? Is one a byproduct of another? Or are they one in the same? These fundamental questions will dictate whether people and their beliefs make up the interpretation of their environment or have definitive proof beyond that of a theory, substantiating Religion not just as a social construct of culture, but an absolute for acknowledgement and submission of an individual and more importantlyRead MoreWhat Is Religion? Essay1614 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is religion? Each person’s definition of religion is different. Each person’s faith is different. This is a question that has been asked for centuries, and regardless of the answer given there is no right or wrong answer. Religion can be defined as a group of people who have shared beliefs who feel their life has purpose or meaning. This feeling or belief that their life has meaning can come from outside of themselves, as well as within. Taking this one step further, these shared beliefsRead MoreWhat Makes A Religion?946 Words   |  4 Pagesare the same. What makes us so similar? Is it that rhythm in our chest? Is it out compassion and love for one another? Is it the desire to create art and feel inspiration? I believe religion is the key to all of these. Even if one don’t follow a religion, they can still admit that there is something spiritual about the likeness of each living, individual soul. Like humans, religions are also vastly similar at their core. Yes, they have many many different qualities and beliefs, but what you look atRead More What Is Religion Essay1653 Words   |  7 Pages What Is Religion nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;What is religion? According to an Oxford dictionary, religion is the belief in the existence of a supernatural ruling power, the creator and controller of the universe, who has given to man a spirtual nature which continues to exist after the death of the body. Religion appears to be a simple idea on the surface, but in reality it is a very complex system of ideas that many base their lives upon. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are many religions

Acts of congress summary Free Essays

Politics First Chapter Nine continues with an examination of Barney Frank, the Democrat who served as the senior leader of the House Financial Services Committee that was responsible with researching, marking up, rewriting, and passing proposed legislation that would prohibit another financial crisis from developing in the future. However, while waiting for the release the administration’s white paper, which helped inform and educate members of Congress about White House proposals, Frank found himself in the midst of a potential political rebellion from in Congress, nd even from within his own party. Many moderates balked at Franks more aggressive reform proposals, while liberals found it treasonous that he was collaborating with banks, the very institutions that they held responsible for the onset of the financial crisis and the beneficiaries of TARP†Troubled Asset Relief Program. We will write a custom essay sample on Acts of congress summary or any similar topic only for you Order Now One such critic was Senator Dick Durban, who rejected the idea ofa bank bail-out, and was disappointed that banks were still in a position to politic in Washington. Frank disagreed, asserting that the big banks were losing steam in Washington and the evidence was simple: they could not prohibit the passage of redit card legislation that protected consumers. In an effort to gain support and educate members of Congress, Franks staff put on a serious of workshops and work sessions for members. In addition to his efforts to placate liberals, Frank threw his support behind provisions that would ultimately become the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau†an idea first presented by Elizabeth Warren in an article for the journal Democracy. The legislation became important but the â€Å"blues and news,† the old and new moderate factions of the Democratic party of each party, were already rowning in health care legislation, breaking Franks declaration that the new legislation would pass before Congress’ summer vacation. Key Points/Details Big banks were largely to blame, but collateral damage of the bank fallout could be small banks and credit unions – The press was largely to blame, in Franks mind, for overstating the political clout that big banks and Wall Street had What would their influence be in the process of writing new legislation – Frank recruited the Democratic members of the House Committee on Financial Services (Banking Committee) who he held in highest esteem to work on issues for the reform bill – Frank favored three hallmarks for reform that might relieve liberals who were nervous that banks were not bearing the brunt of responsibility for the crisis o Credit card bill – more transparency from issuers of credit cards o Subprime mortgage bill – bill that banned many subprime mortgages and required that lenders would require companies to give stockholders a chance to give feedback about Though Frank had originally been hesitant to support such a executive pay – provision, White House backing, growing support from among popular and powerful Democrats (Clinton, Edwards, etc. polling numbers that seemed to indicate that the public favored it, and convincing arguments from Harvard law professor – and current US Senator from Massachusetts – Elizabeth Warren, persuaded Frank to throw his support behind the creation of a new regulatory agency (CFPA/b). Agency would regulate American financial firms and the services and products that they offer to the public – Independent agency under the Federal Reserve Board o Frank felt pressure from both sides – the administration as well as hesitant, moderate â€Å"news and blues† – of his own party Many were worried that supporting the creation of he agency would leave them vulnerable in upcoming elections in vulnerable districts o Proposed health care and â€Å"cap and trade† legislation distracted both Congress and the public – Frank began to recognize that he had to do more to reassure his colleagues that this agency was a good idea Worked to cajole them and gain their support o By the end of the chapter, Frank is convinced that he is right and that he will be able to get such legislation passed Terms: derivatives rating agencies systemic risk regulator subprime mortgages consumer protection â€Å"say on pay’ Elizabeth Warren Price gouging Payday lender Office of Legislative Council CFPA / CFPB Chapter 10 – An Impotent Minority Chapter 10 focuses on the struggles of Rep. Spencer Bachus (R-AL) and the rest of his party to reconcile their desire to reform the financial sector but not seem to bow to the desires of the Democrats. Rep. Bachus, a moderate Republican who before the crash had proposed legislation regulating subprime mortgages only to be rebuffed by his more conservative colleagues, favored bipartisan efforts. He was up against an increasingly conservative House Republican caucus, who were led by radicals who ere emboldened by redistricting in their states that left them with little need to proposal for financial reform, undercutting the release of the administration white paper by a week. This proposal overwhelmingly focused on the principle that they would not stand for future â€Å"bailouts† of the Wall Street institutions that were responsible for the financial crisis. Though the plan garnered little media attention, and did not include many of the provisions laid out in the White House bill, it did indicate that Congressional Republicans recognized the reality that comprehensive financial reform was necessary. TARP Republican Study Committee How to cite Acts of congress summary, Papers

Repressive Policies of India Essay Example

Repressive Policies of India Essay The British had conquered India to promote their own political interest so followed many repressive policies. These policies become major barrier to India’s development. Some of these policies, especially those followed by Lord Lytton gave birth to nationalism. Lord Lytton was Viceroy from 1876-1880. The resentment against the British rule increased because of repressive measures. 1. In 1877 he organised a Grand Delhi Durbar to proclaim Queen Victoria as the Empress of India. Indians were angry because Lakhs were spent for this when South India was suffering from famine.The British Government did not take proper steps to prevent deaths by disease and starvation. The worst feature of these famines was that they were human-made. In fact, famines meant big gains to the Government and the greedy business community. Foodgrains were hoarded and sold at prices which the poor could not afford. During natural calamities, the British rulers in India remained aloof, disinterested and unc oncerned. 2. In 1878 Lytton passed the Vernacular Press Act and the Indian Arms Act. The Vernacular Press Act –forbade vernacular newspapers from publishing any article that might incite the people against the British Government.This hurt the Indians as the press was considered their mouth-piece, through which they could air their grievances . This act was also known as the ‘gagging act’. This act did not apply to English newspapers . Lord Ripon repealed it in 1881. The Indian Arms Act /Licence Act 1878 made it a criminal offence for Indians to carry arms without a licence. This act was not applicable to British. 3. The maximum age limit for the I. C. S Exam was reduced from 21 to 19 years, thus making it impossible for Indians to pass the exam. 4. Lord Lytton abolished the import duties on Br.Textiles. This crippled the Indian textile industry. This policy aroused anger and lead to bitterness. People continued to criticize the British administration. 5. In 1880, Lord Ripon replaced Lord Lytton. He was sympathetic to the Indians. He stopped the Afghan War, and abolished the Arms Act and the Vernacular Press Act. To bring about judicial equality Sir C. P llbert, the law member of the viceroy’s council introduced the llbert Bill in 1883, Indians welcomed the bill but the British started a Defence Association to defend their privileges.The government ultimately withdrew the bill and enacted a more moderate measure which vested the power of trying Europeans to a Session Judge and a District Magistrate who might be an Indian. Lord Ripon became very unpopular among the British Officials in India and had to be replaced. This made the Indians realise that under the present set up, even when the Viceroy wanted to help the Indians, he could not. Thus, the only way to get justice would be to change the very set up of British authority in India. Secondly it also taught them a lesson that the British government could be pressurized by agitation a nd united efforts.People lost faith in the British sense of justice and fairplay. It also led to anger and bitterness. The impact of Western Education made the educated Indians realize to reform their religion and society . The result was birth of socio-religious reform movements. Prominent among these were 1) Brahmo Samaj founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy 2) Satya Shodak Samaj founded by Jyotiba Phule 3) Arya Samaj founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati 4) Ramakrishna Mission founded by Swami Vivekananda Raja Rammohan Roy was one of the greatest social and religious reformers of the 19th century.He wanted to do away with the religious evils which were prevalent in Bengal at that time. In 1828, he founded the Brahmo Sabha, which was later renamed,Brahmo Samaj. The Brahmo Samaj believed in Monotheism or Worship of one God. It condemned idol worship and laid emphasis on prayer, meditation, charity, mortality and strengthening the bonds of unity between men of all religions and creeds. He was against the rigidity of the caste system. He started a campaign for the abolition of sati and purdah system,condemned polygamy, discouraged child marriages and advocated widow marriage.It was because of the efforts made by Rammohan Roy that, William Bentinck, the Govenor-General of India, passed a law in 1821 making the practice of Sati illegal and punishable by law. He also protested against restrictions on the freedom of press. In the words of Rabindranath Tagore, ‘Raja Rammohan Roy inaugurated the modern age in India. He was the father of Indian Renaissance and the prophet of Indian Nationalism. Jyotiba Phule was an urban –educated member of low caste. His education and personal experiences has made him critical of Hindu religion and customs.In 1854, he established a school for untouchables and started a private orphanage for the widows. He wanted to liberate the depressed classes and make them aware of their rights by educating them. He founded the Satya Shodhak Sa maj in 1873 with the aim of securing social justice for the weaker sections of society. He pioneered the widow remarriage movement in Maharashtra and worked for the education of women. The socio-religious reform movements contributed to the onset of Indian Nationalism in the following ways: 1.Social and Religious movements worked for the abolition of caste system, child marriage, dowry system, purdah syste, sati, infanticide, polygamy. These movements fought for individual liberty and social equality. They promoted national feelings and prepared the ground for the National Movement in various ways. 2. Raja Rammohan preached equality and brotherhood. 3. Swami Vivekananda proclaimed the superiority of Indian Culture. 4. Swami Dayananda Saraswati raised the slogan ‘India for Indians’ and ‘Back to Vedas’ and made the Indians feel proud of their culture. 5. They condemned the caste system and untouchability.Thus the reformers promoted National Unity and National Pride. 6. They removed superstitions and blind faith which led to broadening of the outlook and infused patriotism. It created self respect and self confidence. 7. They taught the people not to ignore the importance of women, who could participate in The national movement. Rediscovering India’s Past Indians were treated by the British as uncivilized. People were considered not reformers were to rule themselves. This made the Indians lose confidence. Reformers like Raja Rammohan Roy tried to arose self-confidence and self-respect of the people.They pointed out the richness of Indian culture and the political achievements of Asoka, Chandragupta, Vikramaditya and Akbar were pointed out. These reformers were helped by European scholars like John Marshall, Alexander Cunningham, William Jones, Charles Wilkins and Max Muller. These scholars contributed to the rediscovery of India’s past in the following ways: 1. They studied Sanskrit, translated and published famous works of Sanskrit in foreign languages and focussed the attention of the Indians towards the rich heritage of their Sanskrit literature. 2.Sir William Jones founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal to encourage Oriental studies. This society translated many Indian classics into English and introduced the ancient Indian culture to the Western world. He studied Sanskrit, and published Institutes of India Law and Muhammedan Law of inheritance. He also translated the Mnusmriti and Kalidas’s Abhijnanashakuntalam. 3. Sir Charles Wilkins was the first European to translate the Bhagvad Gita into English. 4. Ma x Mueller translated Rigveda in English. He edited and published the sacred books of the East. (51 volumes) 5.James prince was the firse European scholar to decipher the edicts of Indian emperor, Ashoka. 6. James Princep and Alexander Cunningham rediscovered the greatness of the Mauryas, the imperial Guptas, the Chalukyas and the Pallavas. 7. Sir Alexander Cunningham, the first Director o f the Indian Archaelogical Survey, carried out many archaeological explorations among the ruins of northern India. He excavated at Sarnath, one of the most sacred Buddhist shrines and carefully prepared drawing of the sculptures. He excavated Sanchi, the site of some of the oldest surviving buildings in India. 8.Sir John Marshall, the Director General of Archaelogy in India tried to preserve ancient buildings and monuments all over India. Excavations at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro revealed an ancient civilization that flourished from about 2300 to 1700 BC covering Pakistan, India and Afghanistan. Thus, the rediscovery of India’s past helped – a) to restore people’s confidence and self- respect; and b) to counter the western propaganda that Indians had never been able to rule themselves and that they were destined to be ruled by foreigners. C) They helped to revive the rich cultural heritage of India.Western Education and the English Language The British wanted to t rain clerks and peons to work for them and wanted to win the goodwill of the educated Indians;therefore, they introduced western education through the medium of English. But it produced results quite contrary to their expectations. The introduction of western education promoted Nationalism in the following ways: 1. Indians learnt about the western world. They exposed people of modern ideas like equality, liberty and fraternity. 2. The slogan, ‘Equality, Liberty and Fraternity’, of the American and French Revolutions, impressed them. . They developed a rational, secular and national outlook. It widened their horizons. 4. With the help of common language the regional feelings began to disappear. 5. This language acted as a link language between the people living in various parts of the country. In a country of divere languages and dialects we could touch the people’s heart by using English which was only understood by educated people in those days. 6. This common l anguage gave them linguistic unity and it became easy to make a programme of India character. Development of India Press amp; National Literature:Many newspapers were published in the later half of 19th century such as the Amrit Bazar Patrika, the Bengali, The Tribune, the Stateman, and the Times of India, the Pioneer. 1. The Nationalist Press criticized the unjust policies of the British Government and spread national feelings. 2. It played a vital role in making the people aware of their political rights and building patriotic feelings. 3. It made possible to exchange the views and organize political movements. 4. It made the people aware of what is happening in the world. This helped them to shape their own policies and programmes.Literature in Indian languages, too, played a vital part in rousing the feelings of patriotism in India. Writers such as Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Rabindranath Tagore, Bharatendu Harishchandra, etc. Played an important role in promoting national consci ousness among the Indians and prepared them for the national struggle. Bankim Chandra’s famous book Anand Math, regarded as the Bible of modern patriotism, inspired young nationalists in India. (‘Bande Mataram’, the national song of India, was taken from this book. ) Transport and CommunicationThe need for economic exploitation, administrative convenience and military defence made the British to develop modern means of transportation. Work of roads was constructed, which linked one province to another. Besides encouraging trade and commerce, the introduction of railways, telephone, telegram and the buses proved to be a blessing in disguise. This however helped the Indians in creating nationalistic feelings. 1. It helped the Indians living in various parts of the country to communicate with each other, travel and exchange ideas, and plan a joint strategy. 2.Regional feelings began to disappear and made people feel like one helping in nationalism. This created a se nse of oneness and closeness. 3. It helped to build public opinion against the British on national basis. 4. Through the postal service people could share their views. 5. The transport and communication system knit the vast country and created a sense of oneness. 6. A uniform postage rate of half anna for inland letters and still cheaper rates for transmission of parcels and newspapers was introduced by Lord Dalhousie. Telegraph lines were laid connecting Kolkata with Peshawar, Mumbai and Chennai and other parts of the country.This brought abought a revolution in the sppedy transmission of messages and communications. It enabled the Indians to come in contact with one another and discuss the problems facing the country. Growth of Political associations: After 1858 many associations were started in different parts of India. These were forerunners of the Indian National Congress. 1. London Indian Society was formed in England in 1865 by Indian students under the leadership of Dadabhai Naoroji to voice Indian grievances and to oppose the misrepresentation of Indians in the English papers.Pherozeshah Mehta, Barrudin Tyabji, W. C. Bonnerjee and Manmohan Ghosh were important founder members. 2. East Indian Association founded in London in 1866 by Dadabhai Naoroji to enlighten Britishers and the Br Parliament about the true state of affairs in India. Dadabhai Naoroji believed that the British were basically just and fair but the British policy in India was unfair. The East India Co. Had branches in Mumbai, Calcutta and Madras. This association voiced the grievances of Indians and suggested remedial measures. 3.The Indian Association founded in 1876 by Surendranath Bannerjee. Its aims were; 1. To create public opinion. 2. To unite Indians for a common political cause . 3. To promote Hindu Muslim Unity. 4. To involve masses in public movements. The Indian Association protested against the repressive measures like the Arms Act, the Vernacular Press Act and the lowering of the age limit from 21 to 19 for the I. C. S Exam. It also took up the cause of the workers on the British – owned plantations. However the association failed to attain an all India character. . Indian National Conference est. In Calcutta in 1883 by Surendranath Bannerjee. It was a provincial Association, served as a model for Indian National Congress-merged with the Congress. Its aim was to work for the welfare of the Indians. 5. Formation of The Indian National Congress: Enlightened Indians like Dadabhai Naoroji, Surendranth Bannerjee, Pheroze Shah Mehta amp; others wanted to form an all-India political organization that would draw the government’s attention to the administrative drawbacks and suggest means to rectify them.A. O Hume, a retired British civil servant helped them . He wrote a letter to the Graduates of Calcutta University urging them to form an association that would work for the moral and material uplift of the people of India. In 1884 Hume and the I ndian leaders formed the Indian National Union. The First Session Representatives from different parts of India were to meet at Pune on Dec. 25, 1885 but plague broke out in Pune at that time. So the meeting of the Union was held in Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, Mumbai from Dec. 8 to 31st 1885 under the Presidentship of Women Chandra Bannerjee. It was attended by 72 delegates, including Dadabhai Naoroji, Pheroze Shah Mehta, Badruddin Tyabji, Subramania Iyer, and Justice Ranade. On Dadabhai Naoroji’s suggestion the name of the Union was changed to Indian National Congress. Thus the foundation of the Congress was laid on Dec. 28, 1885. The second session was held in Calcutta under the presidentship of Dadabhai Naoroji. The number of delegates increased every year. Some of the delegates were received as ‘distinguished visitors to the Capital’ by Lord Dufferin.Lord Dufferin the Viceroy supported the formation of the congress because because he wanted it to act as a ‘Safety Valve’ for popular discontent (He favoured the formation of the Congress because he thought that it would safeguard the British interest in India ) Aims of the Indian National Congress: 1. To promote friendly relations between nationalists workers from different parts of the country. 2. To develop feelings of national unity among all Indians irrespective of cast, creed or religion. 3. To draw up popular demands and present them to the Government. 4. To organise public opinion in the country. SPLIT IN THE CONGRESS 1907 Presided by Rs Bihari Ghosh ) Though Dadabhai Naoroji averted a split in the Congress at the Calcutta Session 19006 the differences between the 2 groups i. e. Moderates and Assertive Nationalists continued and rose up again at the Surat Session in 1907. 1. The Swadeshi movement cast its shadow on the growing differences between the Moderates and the Assertives. The Assertives wanted to extend the Swadeshi and boycott the rest of India and make i t a vehicle for a full-fledged political mass struggle leading to Swaraj. The Moderates however did not approve it for the whole of India and wanted it to be confined to Bengal only.Moreover, the Moderates did not want to extend open support to boycott which was in conflict with their policy of ‘petition and persuasion’. 2. There were differences between the two groups over the choice of Congress President. The Moderates proposed the name of Rash Bihari Ghosh and the Assertive wanted Lala Lajpat Rai. The split in the Congress was unfortunate because the Brit took advantage of the situation. They adopted the ‘Divide and Rule’ Policy appeasing the Moderates and Repressing the Assertive Nationalists. The Aggressive group was expelled from the Congress for the next 10 years.

A Brief History of Venice, Italy

A Brief History of Venice, Italy Venice is a city in Italy, best known today for the many waterways which criss-cross through it. It has developed a romantic reputation built upon by countless movies, and thanks to one startling horror film has also evolved a darker atmosphere. The city has a history dating from the sixth century, and once wasnt just a city in a larger state: Venice was once one of the greatest trading powers in European history. Venice was the European end of the Silk Road trade route which moved goods all the way from China, and consequently was a cosmopolitan city, a true melting pot. The Origins of Venice Venice developed a creation myth that it was founded by people fleeing Troy, but it was probably formed in the sixth century C.E., when Italian refugees fleeing Lombard invaders camped on the islands in the Venice lagoon. There is evidence for a settlement in 600 C.E., and this grew, having its own bishopric by the end of the 7th century. The settlement soon had an outside ruler, an official appointed by the Byzantine Empire, which clung onto a part of Italy from a base in Ravenna. In 751, when the Lombards conquered Ravenna, the Byzantine dux became a Venetian Doge, appointed by the merchant families who had emerged in the town. Growth Into a Trading Power Over the next few centuries, Venice developed as a trading center, happy to do business with both the Islamic world as well as the Byzantine Empire, with whom they remained close. Indeed, in 992, Venice earned special trading rights with the empire in return for accepting Byzantine sovereignty again. The city grew richer, and independence was gained in 1082. However, they retained trading advantages with Byzantium by offering the use of their, now considerable, navy. The government also developed, the once dictatorial Doge supplemented by officials, then councils, and in 1144, Venice was first called a commune. Venice as Trading Empire The twelfth century saw Venice and the remainder of the Byzantine Empire engage in a series of trade wars, before the events of the early thirteenth century gave Venice the chance to establish a physical trading empire: Venice had agreed to transport a crusade to the Holy Land, but this became stuck when the Crusaders couldn’t pay. Then the heir of a deposed Byzantine emperor promised to pay Venice and convert to Latin Christianity if they put him on the throne. Venice supported this, but when he was returned and unable to pay/unwilling to convert, relationships soured and the new emperor was assassinated. The Crusaders then sieged, captured, and sacked Constantinople. Many treasures were removed by Venice, who claimed a part of the city, Crete, and large areas including parts of Greece, all of which became Venetian trading outposts in a large empire. Venice then warred with Genoa, a powerful Italian trading rival, and the struggle reached a turning point with the Battle of Chioggia in 1380, restricting Genoan trade. Others attacked Venice too, and the empire had to be defended. Meanwhile, the Doges’ power was being eroded by the nobility. After heavy discussion, in the fifteenth century, Venetian expansion targeted the Italian mainland with the capture of Vicenza, Verona, Padua, and Udine. This era, 1420–50, was arguably the high point of Venetian wealth and power. The population even sprang back after the Black Death, which often traveled along trade routes. The Decline of Venice Venice’s decline began in 1453, when Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks, whose expansion would threaten, and successfully seize, many of Venice’s eastern lands. In addition, Portuguese sailors had rounded Africa, opening another trading route to the east. Expansion in Italy also backfired when the pope organized the League of Cambrai to challenge Venice, defeating the city. Although the territory was regained, the loss of reputation was immense. Victories such as the Battle of Lepanto over the Turks in 1571 did not halt the decline. For a while, Venice successfully shifted focus, manufacturing more and promoting herself as the ideal, harmonious republic- a true blend of nations. When the pope placed Venice under a papal interdict in 1606 for, amongst other things, trying priests in a secular court, Venice won a victory for secular power by forcing him to back down. But across the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Venice declined, as other powers secured Atlantic and African trade routes, maritime powers like Britain and the Dutch. Venice’s seaborne empire was lost. End of the Republic The Venetian Republic came to an end in 1797, when Napoleon’s French army forced the city to agree to a new, pro-French, ‘democratic’ government; the city was looted of great artworks. Venice was briefly Austrian after a peace treaty with Napoleon, but became French again after the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805, and formed part of the short-lived Kingdom of Italy. The fall of Napoleon from power  saw Venice placed back under Austrian rule. Further decline set in, although 1846 saw Venice linked to the mainland for the first time, by a railway, and the number of tourists began to exceed the local population. There was brief independence in 1848–9 when revolution ousted Austria, but the latter empire crushed the rebels. British visitors began to speak of a city in decay. In the 1860s, Venice became part of the new Kingdom of Italy, where it remains to this day in the new Italian state, and arguments over to how best treat Venice’s architecture and buildings have produced conservation efforts that retain a great sense of atmosphere. Yet the population has fallen in halfsince the 1950s and flooding remains a problem.

4 Tips for Finding Online Sources You Can Trust - Proofed

4 Tips for Finding Online Sources You Can Trust - Proofed 4 Tips for Finding Online Sources You Can Trust Online sources can be vital when researching a college paper. But the internet is also a massive repository of lies and nonsense. And that means that you need to be careful when citing a website in your written work. So, then, how can you find online sources you can truly trust? 1. Check the Credentials Look at who wrote and published the page you’ve found. Ideally, it will have a named author who you can google to find their qualifications and past publications. If you cannot find any information, look elsewhere. Likewise, online sources published by well-known organizations are usually more trustworthy. For example, an article about urban myths posted on the Scientific American website will be more trustworthy than a post by Mad Bob the Bigfoot Hunter taken from www.crypto-news.bz. With evidence like this, why wouldnt you believe Mad Bob?(Photo: RyanMcGuire) 2. Writing Quality A reliable source should be well written and error free, so look out for spelling or grammar mistakes on websites you want to cite. If nothing else, a lack of proofreading may suggest the author has been similarly careless when it comes to fact checking! Similarly, the tone of a website can tell you a lot. It is typically a good sign if the language is formal and academic. If it is informal or full of slang terms, however, you might want to look elsewhere. 3. Crosscheck Sources If you find new information online but aren’t sure you trust the website, check whether it cites any sources. This could be a reference list, but it could also be links to other sites that provide extra information or data to back up the point being made. It is also a good idea to crosscheck sources against one another. If you find a useful statistic on one website, for instance, look to see if it is used on other reliable sites. This is especially important when a page was published years previously, since the information may not be up to date. 4. Don’t Cite Wikipedia We have nothing personal against Wikipedia. In fact, it is a fantastic free source of information on a huge array of topics for day-to-day life. The problem is that is isn’t always entirely factual. Even Wikipedia admits that Wikipedia is not a reliable source. Anyone can edit a Wikipedia page, after all. And that is a bit like anyone being able to come along and rewrite the books in your college library, which we imagine would cause problems. But while it is not an academic source, Wikipedia can be helpful. If you find some interesting facts in an article, check the citations at the bottom of the page. These should point to more reliable sources, such as books or journal articles. You can then find these and use the original sources instead.

The Idea of Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Idea of Change - Essay Example This strips the students of their creative power. The educator hence strives to regulate the way that the knowledge comes to the students and thus hinders their own thinking. Freire also related this banking philosophy of education to necrophily. It is mechanical thinking wherein the necrophilous person prefers memory versus experience, and having as opposed to being. It is in this act of controlling that the actual education of a person ceases. Freire offers the solution to this problem. There is a need to â€Å"transform the structure† so that the students can become â€Å"beings for themselves† instead of just being incorporated into this system. He further argues that true liberation does not alienate people and it is â€Å"not another deposit to be made†. He termed this liberation of education as â€Å"praxis,† a problem-posing education that which aims to consider people as conscious beings. As the banking system of education strives to maintain a â€Å"submersion of consciousness†, the problem-posing method aims for the â€Å"emergence of consciousness and critical intervention in reality.† On the other hand, Richard Rodriguez wrote an essay on â€Å"The Achievement of Desrie.† In this essay, Rodriguez wrote an account of how he found himself through education, and how in doing so, his life had drastically changed. As a boy, Rodriguez recounts how he has always admired his teachers, and how he had always been passionate about books – anxious and fervent to learn. He claimed that as he was a very good student, he was also a bad one as he was a certain kind of â€Å"scholarship boy†, described by Richard Hoggart (from whom he derived the term in â€Å"The Uses of Literacy†) as a boy who shifts between environments, the home and the classroom, which are both culturally contradicting. The ideas that the classroom offers to

What are you short and long term career goals Essay

What are you short and long term career goals - Essay Example Eurasia management found the plan promising. Not long after I was offered an expatriate contract; I took the challenge because I knew that it would be another step which shall lead me towards my career goals. Moreover, when I face a challenge I always remember Haruki Murakami’s words on the topic â€Å"Running day after day, piling up the races, bit by bit I raise the bar, and by clearing each level I elevate myself. At least that’s why I’ve put in the effort day after day: to raise my own level† from his autobiography â€Å"what I talk about when I talk about running.† Together with the new executive management team, I am now an important part of the change - the change that shapes my short term goals. My objective is to contribute to this movement with a new unit within my section; a â€Å"business control unit† that will assess strategic and commercial plans with scenarios and analysis, and involve the finance department towards vital decisions. Working at the operations at Ucell will also broaden my practice in Eurasia. I aim to improve my understanding on dynamics of region’s economy and its political and social environments. I trust that the international business experience and the real world cases that will be brought to me by Warwick will help me gain insights and eventually add value to my work. The path that I am following right now, without a doubt will prepare me towards the next step - the CFO role. But in the long run, I will only be satisfied by expanding the scope of my role through encounters. I would like to experience other business areas and markets and would appreciate owning a strategic role in these areas/markets. I am confident that Warwick’s global mindset together with the extensive WBS network will help guide me towards that

Reflective Report For Project In Fostering Solutions

Reflective Report For Project In Fostering Solutions As a part of my Postgraduate degree program I got an internship opportunity for a period of three months at Fostering Solutions Ltd. The internship duration was from June till September. This report is a reflection on my experience of working as a consultant at Fostering Solutions. The project consisted of conducting a Competitor Analysis for the betterment of Fostering Solutions. Along with me were my team members Li who was responsible for carrying out the process improvement and Mani Shankar was vested with the responsibility of devising a national and marketing strategy. There was going to be a lot of team work, since the three parts would be combined together as one project. The project turned out to be a grand success and in this report I take you through my journey as a consultant from the beginning of the project till its conclusion looking at the various problems I faced and how I overcame them, the skills I learnt, my strongest motivation, how we developed team capabilities and finally the ending of the project. This was one of earliest projects that were posted on blackboard which I applied for, and was successful in proclaiming an internship after an interview with Fostering Solutions at Manchester Business School. It was a special feeling as I had a chance to work for a foreign company and this would subsequently add commendable strength to my resume. The Beginning The prospect of working on a live project as a consultant evoked plenty of excitement. For me the most significant aspect of the project was my opportunity to inculcate the theories and models I learnt in class to the corporate world. Having done my Bachelors in Management studies and currently pursuing a Post graduation in Business Analysis, this was the perfect opportunity for me to utilize my skills and relate to the learnings from the classroom. Most significantly having the knowledge and understanding of business models which I studied in the Analysing companies module at Manchester Business School helped me a lot. Though, this was possible only because I was able to implement those learnings in my internship project. The beginning was challenging because this was a new industry to me and we were unfamiliar with the concept of fostering. I had to start from scratch by learning the fostering basics, the industry mechanics followed by the current scenario of the market. This was going to be the foundation of the project and a key factor to its success. All this had to be done in a short span of time because I needed to get a head start in the project. 2.1 Day 1 In our first meeting with the client at Fostering Solutions Ltd, we were introduced as external consultants to all the members of staff in different departments. My first observation about the company was its organisational culture. I noticed that the organisational culture was of the role culture type, in which the organisation is split up into various functions and each individual is responsible for a particular duty. (Learn management, 2010) We were given a briefing about the project, the companys background and the fostering industry in general. I learnt that Michelle Sloan would be supervising me for my part of the project at the company. My first impression about Michelle was that she is a friendly and easy going person. I was given authority and freedom to work in any method comfortable to me. Her style of leadership was participative, since she would give me freedom and authority to work in my own way although she would check and double check my work to assess its suitability . We were presented a red folder containing inspection reports of different offices of fostering solutions, details of Fostering Solutions offices, contact details and a survey that was conducted on foster carers named as Foster Carer Viewpoints. This was the first significant aspect of my learning process to carry out a competitor analysis, this was regarding an inspection carried out by an organisation named Ofsted on independent agencies known as Ofsted Ratings. I learnt that Ofsted ratings is one way to assess competitors. The motivation I was strongly motivated by the fact that Fostering Solutions were going to take our findings and analysis very seriously. Subsequently our supervisor Prof Kurt kept highlighting the fact that Fostering Solutions unlike other big company internship project would analyse our recommendations meticulously and implement a few key ones. Knowing I had an opportunity to make a difference to an organisation was a big driving force for me. In addition to this I acknowledged to the fact that I was working for a social cause of helping overcome the shortage of foster carers in United Kingdom to the increase in the number of children in care with local authorities. My findings would help Fostering Solutions to recruit better and more foster carers and in turn help a number of children find homes and family. The Learning process In this section I reflect upon the learning process with respect to this internship project. I illustrate the gradual progress I made towards completion of the project successfully, there were learnings and knowledge gain at every level. The learning process began with understanding the foster carer approval process. Understanding this process was very complex and was a difficult task. As the project progressed I realised I cannot compare the approval process or the number of foster carers approved between different competitors because they would not divulge such key information to me. There was no other procedure to find the information either. However understanding this process helped me understand that for a fostering agency it is critical that the right people register their initial interest with the agency. This was the first step to recruiting foster carers. Therefore, more the number of suitable applications received more will be the foster carers approved. The learning proces s continued with understanding the Fostering industry business model. Learning and understanding the business model was key to carry out an efficient competitor analysis. Independent agencies like Fostering Solutions recruit and approve foster carers, and place them with children provided by local authority. The Independent agency charges the local authority for this and pays the foster carer allowance for their carer service. Shown below is my understanding and reflection about the fostering industry business model. My Understanding of the Fostering Industry Business Model For determining an organisations success in todays highly competitive and complex environment, the business model is the most significant tool. I understood that for any company to exist in this industry it has to recruit foster carers. Subsequently, I learnt more and more about the company, the industry and how things work in general with each passing week. One of the key learnings was when I realised that the local authority runs this industry and is a key ingredient of the business model. This understanding was essential for me to carry out my competitor analysis. After this the most significant aspect was to list out the key issues involved in recruiting foster carers. I understood that different people had different motivations to choose fostering. They are 1. For the sole purpose of fostering. 2. For the purpose of fostering and the financial interest in the allowance they would get. 3. They could be interested in adoption but first would like to foster the child and adopt at a later stage. After this I began the data collection process by assembling data regarding the industry to write a brief description and the challenges it is facing. By doing so, I learnt that there was a shortage of foster carers in the industry and an increase in the number of children coming into care. I learnt that the government of the United Kingdom were looking to reduce spending on Fostering in the coming years and this was a major threat to the fostering industry. By the end of June after consulting with Michelle, Fostering Solutions, we short listed nine companies on whom I would be filing reports which would shed light on how these firms compete with Fostering Solutions in the market. On doing further analysis to understand the factors which clarified how these firms compete with Fostering Solutions, I came up with criteria on which they would be compared and analysed, these criteria included turnover, profit margin, number of employees, location, foster carer allowance paid, services pr ovided, placement provided and Ofsted ratings. On carrying out a through analysis of these factors would enable me to gain an understanding of the positioning of these companies in the market. The learning process reached its peak when I could prepare a framework for my project report as shown below. Framework of the competitor analysis Working in teams There were times when I had to inherit the qualities or role of a leader, friend, colleague and subordinate while working as a part of a team. Good team leadership is to create conditions which would allow thoughts, ideas and people to succeed, by coming together and with a flow in the performance. When in pursuit of challenging team goals one can encourage effective teamwork by balancing peoples strengths with building good relationships. I enjoyed working with this team. The team would meet twice a week to discuss our parts and understand the progress each one of us was making. We would go to the office to meet with the client twice a week till the middle of July. The difficulties I faced in working in this team were communicating with Li who is Chinese and has a funny English accent. Similarly, she would have found our accent funny and would have found it a little difficult to grasp an understanding in one conversation. There were numerous occasions most recently today itself when I had to ask her to repeat her suggestion on the recommendation because I could not understand her English in the first attempt. Despite the cultural and geographical differences, it was an interesting experience working with a person from another country. I adjusted my method of working and communicating with the dynamics of the team. I believe this would be a key requirement for my future prospects when I work in an organisation. It is very important to adjust and settle down in accordance with the dynamics of the team you are working with. Despite our differences, we were a team that worked together, fought the difficulties and appreciated each others work. (Lawf ord, 2003) We shared work in such a way that every member could use his/her strengths to attain the required goal and not have to work on tasks which required skills which may be deficient. By doing this we increased the productivity of the team and the team morale. An example could be that I was good at making charts and compiling the whole report, whereas Li was good at the editing work and proof reading and accordingly we distributed the tasks to achieve proper synergy. An example of our progress as a team with reference to the Tuckmans Team Model Tuckmans Stages of Team Development Tuckmans model gives an understanding of how a newly formed team gradually develops maturity, ability and the establishment of relationships within the team members. From the Forming stage where the team comes together for the first time through 4 different stages the team goes through a series of changes and ultimately performs as a team and works towards achieving its goals Forming  stage Formation of the team Tuckmans model explains In this stage the team has been assembled and tasks are allocated among members. Team members pretend to get on with each other but they might not trust each other due to not knowing each other well enough. At this stage I felt it was important to bring the group together and work on our goals. It was important that we established our roles and this stage was a period of high learning. It is a stage where I learnt about beliefs, attitudes and observed the behaviour of my team members. Such things gave me an idea to understand these individuals and thus understand the group dynamics which were going to be formed. Storming Tuckmans model explains In this stage the team members strive to get down with the issues and ways to achieving them. At this stage, it is expected that arguments and tempers will flare. We did have a lot of arguments regarding each others report analysis and findings. The arguments occurred on topics such as format of the reports, whose part should come first and also the word count. As mentioned above, the incident where I named a file wrongly had led to arguments. Sometimes teams can become stuck in this phase for a long time due to persistent arguments and problems. At this stage the most important thing is to listen to each other, there was a need to create a positive vibe in the group and appreciate each others work. There was a necessity to set tasks and walk along with the team towards the next step. Hence a belief of yes we can was needed to make the transfer to the next stage. Norming  stage Tuckmans model explains This as the stage where the team members get used to the working ways of each other and develop trust and strive for team productivity. In this phase teams begin to work as a cohesive unit trusting each other. Li and Mani were aware that I work through the night and sleep early in the morning right upto 11 a.m. Hence we used to schedule some meetings for 1p.m. or later. Mani and I took a little longer to finish our sections of the report because we had a tough time getting the data we needed from secondary sources. Li understood and appreciated this difficulty. We had developed an understanding of exactly what was going on in each others section of report. It is highly important to self evaluate and communicate effectively at this stage. We shared responsibility by delegating tasks to be completed between the three of us. The risk at this stage was that the team could become complacent and lose its creativity or driving force that is required to achieve success in its goals. Our team did not lose its focus we kept working towards a common goal and took the step towards the final stage of our project. Performing  stage Tuckmans model explains This is a stage where the team is totally committed and strives towards a common goal. This is the final stage of the team where it focuses in finishing the tasks it set out and adjourning. Once we finished individual parts of group report, we met regularly at Manchester Business School to discuss the link between the 3 parts. At this stage individuals in the team are highly motivated for the success of the team wasting little time with high trust on one another. We proof-read each others work and thoroughly examined each others recommendations, sometimes through discussions, before coming to a consensus. It is key to note that a team according to tuckmans model can return to an earlier level if there is a change, for instance a review of the recommendations or the report or if a team member leaves prematurely. Difficulties Faced and How I Overcame Them At the outset of this Internship project I faced plenty of difficulties. In this section I reflect on the difficulties that I faced and what I did to overcome them. The beginning period was very tough for me from a personal point of view. My Father had a heart problem during May end/June start. I could not concentrate on my work and kept thinking about how things would be back home and worrying. It was an emotional and stressful beginning. At such time, there is no way to find out if your family is telling you the truth about the situation or otherwise. This makes things all the more difficult. It took me about ten to fourteen days to get back to normal self and believing that everything was alright. Nevertheless, this incident motivated me a lot to give it my best shot. I worked harder than ever to make my parents proud of me. 6.1 Problem solving model This problem solving model was adapted by me from the eight disciplines problem solving method. (David Bruce, 2010) I reflect on different problems I faced during the project and how I used this model to find a solution to those problems. Lack of Data During the early days of the project I had a tough time because I was reading information that had nothing to do with competitor analysis. Such was the vast nature of information provided to me about Fostering Solutions. I was given a number of books on fostering, care and training methods, which I read and found out, had nothing to do with my competitor analysis. A lot of precious time was wasted in going through irrelevant data. Often in research projects consultants could spend time reading, researching information that are of no use in the research but still have to be read and assessed to find out its use in future analysis. When analysing this problem with respect to the model I concluded the best option would be to create a framework and scope for my research. By doing so I exactly understood the data I was required to collect and carry out further analysis. I got all the data regarding Fostering Solutions from the company. However getting information about competitors to undertake a competitor analysis was a challenging task. Getting the financial data such as turnover, profit margin proved to a job in itself. During a meeting with Dr. Kurt, he suggested FAME database and it worked. The data for 8 companies out of 9 was available but TACT being a charity organisation there was no data. Another problem was that for Orange Grove (now taken over by Hillcrest Foster Care) and SWIIS the financial information available was only for the year 2008 and not 2009. But the data for other companies was available as per our requirement. The research could have been better had I got the required annual reports of these companies. I overcame this difficulty by considering the options to counter this problem. I selected the best suitable option which would be to conduct a comparison of these companies on data that I had such as services provided or fost er carer allowance. In this way I used my problem solving model and decided to concentrate on the data I possessed to continue my competitor analysis, rather than getting demotivated about the unavailable data. Similarly, getting data regarding the foster carer allowance was a hurdle. This information is important as it provides insight into who provides the best allowance to the foster carers and where Fostering Solutions stands in comparison. The hindrances I faced during this task were immense. This data for many competitors was not available directly; it was either hidden in the services page or FAQs section. By The Bridge did not divulge this information as it was not present on their website, but only in their brochure which they wont send out unless an initial application was filled. I went to the step 2 of my problem solving model and tried a few options to find out this data. I tried calling fostering companies on my radar and acting like a person who was interested in foster care and asked for access to their annual reports, brochure and foster carer allowance. I was told there was no access to annual reports and for brochure I would be required to fill in an application form. Lat er, I decided to try calling them saying I was a Manchester Business School postgraduate student and wanted their brochure, annual report of 2009 or 2008 as I am doing a research project on fostering industry. Even this trick did not work as they outsmarted me. The person I spoke to told me to forward my research project plan and key objectives and then only they will send this information. I could obviously not send this because the research objective was a competitor analysis for the benefit of Fostering Solutions. Thus, foster carer allowance for By The Bridge and TACT could not be found out after exploring the options stage. Hence I went to step 3 of the problem solving model and decided to compare these companies on other key factors such as size, turnover, ofsted ratings and services provided. Similarly, there was no data available regarding number of children placed by each of the competing companies. It would have been very helpful and interesting if I could have got data regarding children placed by each of 9 competitors. There was data available only regarding total children placed by all the Independent agencies and local authorities. I have included the same in the competitor analysis, but there was no data available on children placed by each competitor. Vast nature of the project The vast nature of the project and short span of time of 3 months to complete was a hindrance. According to our Academic supervisor Prof Kurt this project could have been carried out as a PhD for a three year term, such was its wide scope. I had 4000 to 6000 words to present and analyse data, compare the 9 companies to fostering solutions and come up with how they compete with them. This was always going to be too short to compile reports on these companies, write down my analysis, analysis regarding financial data, compile findings/comparison for each company to fostering solutions and lastly recommendations. I progressed to step 2 of the problem solving model and explored my options. Then I selected the suitable option of presenting some of the important data in the appendix and decided to strictly following the framework I had set out for the project and restricting myself to only presenting analysis and information that was key and omitting irrelevant data. Skills Utilized, skills I Lacked and Skills Acquired Skills Utilized Skills I utilized to successful completion of the project It is extremely crucial that a consultant has a complete understanding of the project requirement. I achieved this by breaking down the project into small elements and developed my understanding of the requirement of my client. This was done by discussing the project brief in detail with Fostering Solutions and Prof Kurt. Having applied this skill effectively I now feel I would be able to carry this experience on to future assignments I receive at my workplace. Secondly, having broken down the project into tasks I utilized my communication skills to keep the client informed about my progress in the report. I used the 7 Cs of communication clarity, confidence, comprehensive, concise, conviction, comfort and charisma to effectively communicate throughout the project.(Leslie, 2010) Having good communication skills helped me massively because this being a team project, there were three lines of communication. Firstly with the client, secondly with my team and thirdly with my academic supervisor Prof Kurt. Hence, to avoid confusion it was important to see that everyone was on the same wavelength. This was achieved by arranging a meeting between the company supervisors and our academic supervisor, Prof. Kurt. We agreed that all communication regarding meeting with our academic supervisor would be handled by Mani Shankar. I would be reporting directly to Michelle at Fostering Solutions and emailing Prof Kurt regularly regarding the progress of my report. We had a number of meetings at Manchester Business School and Fostering Solutions to discuss the progress of the project. Once the channels of communication were established early in the project, I had no problems working on the report and communicating with both the supervisors. Thirdly, I needed to be a good analyst to successfully progress in this report. Prof. Kurt gave me a nudge in the right direction by suggesting FAME database to me to look for financial data of companies that are available. Once this was done, competitors were assessed and compared with Fostering Solutions on turnover, profit margin, foster carer allowance paid, services provided and placements provided. This required a lot of data collection most of which was secondary and required a lot of analysis to find out exactly how they competed with Fostering Solutions in the market. Having analysed data on each competitor I discussed it with Michelle and Prof Kurt and got their feedback on the same. I found out an interesting statistics at fostering.net. From this file I found out that local authorities were always going to be big competitors with independent agencies in this industry. They had placed more children, recruited more foster carers and received more applications than the independent fostering agencies across the UK. This was the first analysis I had conducted. Showing it and proving it in meetings at MBS with the supervisors and again at Fostering Solutions gave me a lot of confidence. I started believing in my abilities to succeed in this challenging project and provide a lasting contribution to the success of Fostering Solutions. I found it difficult and challenging to collect the data required in order to carry out my analysis. FAME provided limited information and financial data for some companies were available only for the year 2008. There was no other way to find out the information I needed. I overcame this problem by comparing and doing my analysis for these companies on other variables such as foster carer allowance and services provided. Belief in my abilities grew when I discovered that local authorities had recruited, placed more children and received more applications than independent agencies and proved it with evidence in a meeting at Fostering Solutions. I conducted my analysis on turnovers, foster carer allowance, services provided and the locations of the competitors. This understanding was essential for me to come up with important observations regarding how the competitors compete with Fostering Solutions. Thus, in this way I excelled in using my analytical skills. Skills that I developed during this internship were my planning, organisational skills and time management. If I had to be successful in this project it was essential for me to plan and organise tasks before executing them. I believe I did this efficiently. One thing I would like to highlight and criticise myself is it took me a while to get a head start; Prof. Kurt and Michelle were extremely understandable, patient and helpful. This report could have been better if I had made a better start and I am critical about this issue. Though, the effort that has been put in is the same as I worked longer hours at a stretch when the real assignment began. I efficiently planned the time schedule for understanding the industry, data collection, analysis and writing the report. After analysing the data I would discuss it with Michelle. She would give her feedback and I would incorporate the completed data and analysis in my written report. As planned I completed writing my report before August 22nd 2010. Hence I believe that I have developed good planning and organising skills because without them I would not have been able to complete this project within the time duration; especially after the slow start that I had. One skill I lacked due to my inexperience of working on a project of such magnitude was presentation skills with respect to formatting and presenting a management report. This was the first time I had worked as a consultant for a company. I had no idea about how to present a report of such magnitude. Prof Kurt in one of our final meetings was critical about the way I had presented and written my report. My report draft had a shabby presentation with parts in bold, unnecessary paragraphs and some parts underlined unnecessarily. Prof Kurt showed me the right way and guided me to prepare the report and present it in a more professional and readable way. He taught me that presentation is a key aspect in report writing and all the hard work done could be undone by a shabby presentation. He gave us ideas to make the report look good and interesting to the reader. AIDA Model Attention Interest Desire Action I learnt that a good presentation of the report is a must because firstly it will capture the attention of the reader and generate an interest in the material. After which the reader would develop a desire to read it. These lessons will remain with me for the rest of my life and in future when I work for a company and have to present a consulting report I would reflect upon these lessons Prof Kurt enlightened upon me. (Aida, 2010) Working with Fostering Solutions The Client Fostering Solutions were supportive of this project. Michelle my supervisor was very excited about the whole project from the start. She was very friendly, supportive to me during the duration of the project. I was given a lot of freedom to choose whether to go and work from the office or working from my home/business school library. Michelle could not give me proper feedback because my report was in bits and pieces and in draft format till start of first week of August. But once I sent her the report in full, she helped me edit and also proof read given data analysis for me. Once I submitted my final draft to her, she was very happy with it and gave me her feedback. Michele and Prof Kurt appreciated my effort inspite of the challenges I faced such as lack of data, time constraints, word constraints to conduct a competitor analysis. Michele presented my findings, analysis and recommendations to the director of Fostering Solutions who requested for the FAME financial data to be put in the appendix, and congratulated me for my good work. In my recommendations to the client I adopted a diplomatic method to avoid being too critical or too polite. Michele was critical about a few of my recommendations at first, but once we debated the issues involved she realised that I had raised valid arguments. My responsibility was to recommend ways in which Fostering Solutions could compete in a better way in the market with respect to competitors. Hence I had to find out and raise concerns in the current working methods/strategy of Fostering Solutions in comparison with its competitors. This had to be done with care due to sensitivity of the issue involved, no organisation would like to hear or accept their faults or limitations. Thus I had to structure my recommendations in such a way that it would be read and accepted by the client. The reason being unless they are accepted with an open mind there is no chance of it being implemented by the organisation. Self evaluation model Following is a self evaluation model in which I assess the utilization of skills in this internship project using a coordinate diagram. X axis Skills to be evaluated 1 Planning and organising tasks 2- Communication skills 3- Analytical 4 Problem solving skills 5- Presentation skills with respect to formatting, editing. 6- Team work 7- Creativity Y axis Perfomance rating 1 Poor 2 Satisfactory 3 Good 4 Excellent Self evaluation model Excellent 4- (1, 4) (3, 4) (6, 4) Good 3- (2, 3) (4, 3) Satisfactory 2 (5, 2) (7, 2) Poor 1- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Skills to be evaluated Coordinates and evaluation using the coordinates model (1, 4) Planning and organising skills Excellent (2, 3) Communication skills Good (3, 4) Analytical skills Good (4, 3) Problem solving skills Good (5, 2) Presentation skills with respect to formatting and editing, presentation of work has to be improved -Satisfact

Designing a radio frequency controlled robot platform

Introduction:Presents, wireless communicating engineering has been spread outing quickly. It is important part to human being as the distance between each other become shorter because of these radio engineerings, such as Radio Frequency, Microwave, Bluetooth, LAN and WIFI engineerings. Wireless communicating devices are indispensable to human being lives as people use to pass on with other by utilizing cordless phones and other radio devices. Besides that, wireless frequence devices are being applied in infirmary or a nursing place for monitoring of patients, and besides the radio mouse, keyboards for computing machine countries and robotics every bit good. Since the radio communicating engineering is important and indispensable to human lives, so the wireless frequence technique has been chosen as the robot remote control in order to look into and use this engineering. The wireless frequence technique uses on this undertaking but non other radio engineerings because it has the suited transmittal scope and more dependable than other techniques. For illustration, infrared technique requires signal transmit in line with unobstructed between the sender and receiving system. Radio frequence technique applies on this undertaking for conveying the signal sent by user from sender to robot ‘s receiving system in order to command the going waies of automaton, such as move frontward, rearward, left or right. The scope between RF sender and receiving system is based on the frequence of its faculty. Higher frequence RF faculty will hold farther transmittal scope and RF range from 100 kilohertzs to 1 GHz. It is propagating along the land or contemplation from the ionosphere so reaches the receiving system. The wireless frequence controlled robot platform motions non merely command by RF remote control, but besides obstacle sensors. Two supersonic detectors are installed on the forepart and dorsum of automaton to move as obstruction sensors to avoid obstruction in the class set by the accountant. Furthermore, a PIC ( Peripheral Interface Controller ) is used to command the turning way of motors which the automaton wheels by determines RF and supersonic detector signals. When there is an obstruction in the class set of automaton, automaton will halt, so LED on automaton platform will illume on and the doorbell will makes a warning sound to bespeak accountant to alter the going way of automaton.Aim:The purpose of the undertaking is to plan a RF ( Radio Frequency ) Controlled Robot Platform which the going way of automaton is controlled by RF remote control within a peculiar scope without the usage of electrical music directors. Besides that, detectors will be installed to move as an obstr uction sensor of this automaton to do certain it can avoid obstructions in the class set by the accountant. Furthermore, a micro accountant will be used to command and to implements the operation by analysis the signal receives from distant control and detectors. For this undertaking, it involves larning to utilize detectors, Peripheral Interface Controllers and larning its scheduling every bit good.BACKGROUND LITERATURE:A PIC microcontroller is use to move as a control Centre of the automaton as it has computation, memory and I/O maps. By utilizing PIC, C scheduling or assembly linguistic communications accomplishments are required as microcontroller operations are based on the package programming to implement the undertakings. The PIC16F76 [ 1 ] has been chosen as the microcontroller of this undertaking as it has several particular pins and characteristics that suits for this undertaking demands such as: O PIC16F76 has a entire figure of 28 pins. It is made up of three I/O ports ( Port A, B and C ) which has a 22 I/O pins in sum. O In I/O port A, there are five input channels of 8-bit Analog-to-Digital Module which allows transition of an parallel input signal to a corresponding 8-bit digital figure that is helpful in analysis the signal transmits from RF receiving system. O Two PWM ( Pulse Width Modulation ) Capture/Compare pins those are good in control the velocity and on/off of the DC motor by puting PWM responsibility rhythm. O SCL and SDA pins can pass on with supersonic straight. An supersonic is a type of detector that uses to bring forth high frequence ( above 20 KHz ) sound wave pulsations and detects an object by construing the reverberations signal from its sound moving ridge pulsation. The sound moving ridge pulsations are going in one way, when it detects an object, the echoed signal will be reflected back to the transducer of the supersonic detector. The scope from detector to object is able to find by ciphering the continuance of clip between the minute the sound wave pulse detects the object and clip for the echoed signal to return back to detector. When detector detects an object, it will trip a signal and sends it to PIC. Supersonic detector is good in observing liquids, seeable objects and irregularly molded objects. Therefore, it has been chosen to move as an obstruction sensor of this undertaking instead than other detectors. Besides that, supersonic detector has a higher sensing scope and the reflected signal does non affected by the surface and colour of objects. The supersonic detector SRF08 [ 2 ] is a high public presentation supersonic scope finder with a scope from 3cm to 6m. The communicating between SRF08 with microcontroller is via I2C coach. The I2C coach consists of 2 active wires and a land. Bi-directional SDA and SCL are the active coachs. SDA is Serial Data line and SCL is Consecutive Clock line, both of them have a pull-up resistance to +5v someplace on I2C coach. SRF08 is ever a slave ne'er a coach maestro. For the wireless frequence remote control, the wireless wave signal can go through around or through the object, such as wood, glass, walls and other stuffs. The advantages of utilizing wireless frequence remote control are, signal transmits range farther than infrared distant control and signal does non necessitate to be transmitted in line to receiver. The disadvantage of utilizing wireless moving ridges to convey signal is, signal will be affected by the presence electromagnetic intervention in the environment. A RF faculty [ 3 ] ( TWS-434 and RWS-434 ) has transmitter frequence 433.92 MHz when it end product is 8mW with a scope of about 200 pes for indoors and 400 pes for out-of-doorss. It is ability to accept both digital and additive inputs. Operating electromotive force is 1.5 to 12 volts-DC. For the RWS-434 receiving system, it is besides operates at the same frequence which is 433.92 MHz and a sensitiveness of 3uV. The receiving system has both additive and digital end produ cts and runing electromotive force from 4.5 to 5.5 volts-DC supply. Two DC Gear motors are installed on the automaton platform as the motor thrusts ( wheels of automaton ) . The EMG30 [ 4 ] motor is a DC motor with encoder. Encoder is used to tracking the figure of revolutions and the place of motor. The rated electromotive force of this motor is 12v. These are the characteristics of EMG30 DC motor: O No burden velocity: 216 revolutions per minute O No load current: 150 ma O Rated torsion: 1.5 kg/cm O Rated current: 530 ma O Rated velocity: 170 revolutions per minute O Rated end product: 4.22 W The motor shaft can be rotated in two waies that clockwise or counter-clockwise way. Therefore, the automaton moves frontward or rearward merely inversing the mutual opposition of the power supply of the DC motor. The turning operation makes by holding two wheels turning in different waies at the same time. This motor has Hall detectors [ 5 ] every bit good. A hall detector varies its end product electromotive force in response to alterations in magnetic field, it used for placement and velocity sensing applications of this undertaking. An H-bridge is a four shift elements device which enables a electromotive force to be applied across the motor or burden in merely one way. It is utilizing to move as a motor control circuit that allow DC motor to run forwards and backwards by providing the electromotive force to different switches. An H-bridge is built with four switches. When the switches S1 and S4 are closed, S2 and S3 are unfastened a positive electromotive force will be applied across the motor. The electromotive force will be in the reversed way by opening S1 and S4 switches, shuting S2 and S3 switches. The H-bridge is by and large used to change by reversal the mutual opposition of the motor, but it can be besides used to halt the motor or to allow the motor run freely. Switches S1 and S2 or S3 and S4 should non be closed at the same clip as it will do a short circuit on the input electromotive force. L298 [ 6 ] is a high electromotive force and high current double full-bridge driver. The chief intent of L298 is to move as a motor accountant to command the rotate way of DC motor harmonizing to the end product electromotive force from PIC. It is taken from mention of â€Å" H-bridges: Theory and Practice † , available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mcmanis.com/chuck/robotics/tutorial/h-bridge/S1S2S3S4Motions of the motor1001Motor moves right0110Motor moves left0000Motor free tallies0101Motor brakes1010Motor brakesWORK DONE:In the past few hebdomads, a batch of consideration and research undertakings have been done. For illustration, the extension rule of wireless frequence, and besides the working rule of H-bridge motor control and PWM. Some tutorials that helpful and related to the PIC scheduling have been read as good. On the other manus, all the constituents of this undertaking have been decided after reading the datasheets of each constituent. At the same clip, automaton platform has been designed and sent to the mechanical ‘s workshop in order to cut metal home base into the designed form. Furthermore, the pin connexions between the PIC, detectors and motors have been decided after reading d atasheets of constituents and PIC. So far, the advancement of this undertaking is on the measure of circuit conventional designing and larning the package scheduling of PIC undertakings. Pin 1: Seriess connected with a 10kI © resistance to +5v DC supply. Pins 2 & A ; 3: End product ports for LEDs. Pins 5 & A ; 7: to move as inputs from shaft encodes of motor. Pin 8: Connect to land. Pin 9 & A ; 10: Connect to a parallel crystal 4 MHz and two series 33 pF capacitances with land. Pins 12 & A ; 13: PWM outputs connect to the H-bridge. Pins 14 & A ; 15: I/O ports of I2C lines connect to the supersonic detectors. Pin 18: End product port for doorbell. Pins 25 & A ; 26: End product signals connect to H-bridge. Pins 21, 22, 23 and 24: Act as input ports from RF receiving system.Advancement AND Plan:Now, it is on the measure of larning package scheduling and circuit conventional designing undertakings, but it is a small spot delayed due to the clip disbursement on the undertaking less than undertaking program for past few hebdomads, since I was busy in making other faculty ‘s assignments and could non make up one's mind the constituents on clip. On the following semester, the clip disbursement on this undertaking will be more than the novice program in order to catch up the advancement that has been planned as undertaking program. These are the major undertakings that will transport out consequently on the undermentioned semester: 1. RF faculty proving. 2. Supersonic faculty testing. 3. DC motor testing. 4. PCB circuit design. 5. PCB etching and soldering of constituents. 6. Prototype theoretical account building. 7. Trial and seek run the automaton system to modify the scheduling of PIC. 8. Troubleshooting and debugging. 9. Test overall functionality. On the undermentioned semester, the clip disbursement on making this undertaking will be 18 hours per hebdomad. The item agenda of this undertaking has been shown on the Gantt chart.List OF REFERENCE:Book:DEVENDRA K. MISRA, â€Å" Radio-Frequency and Microwave Communication Circuits † , Printed in the United States of America, By John Wiley & A ; Sons, Inc, 2001. Newton C. Braga, â€Å" Roboticss, Mechatronics, and Artificial Intelligence, Experimental Circuit Blocks for Designers † , Printed in the United States of America, By Newnes Boston Oxford Auckland Johannesburg Melbourne New Delhi, 2002.Internet:Richard J. Valentine, â€Å" Motor Control Electronics Handbook † , Printed in the United States of America, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. , accessed by 30th October 2009, E-book, available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //books.google.com/books? id=kLZL5hTsVIYC & A ; printsec=frontcover & A ; source=gbs_navlinks_s # v=onepage & A ; q= & A ; f=false Jim Brown, â€Å" Brief H-BRIDGE THEORY OF OPERATION † , Written at April 1998, accessed by 1st November 2009, available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dprg.org/tutorials/1998-04a/ Chuck McManis, â€Å" H-bridges: Theory and Practice † , accessed by 1st November 2009, available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mcmanis.com/chuck/robotics/tutorial/h-bridge/ Milan Verle, â€Å" PIC Microcontrollers † , mikroElektronika ; 1st edition, Written at 2008, accessed by 25th November 2009, available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mikroe.com/en/books/picmcubook/ch5/ Nebojsa Matic, â€Å" Programing PIC Microcontroller in BASIC † , mikroElektronika, Chapter 6 PWM Module, accessed by 1st December 2009, available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mikroe.com/en/books/picbasicbook/06.htm # 6.5 Chuck McManis, â€Å" H-bridges: Theory and Practice † , accessed by 1st November 2009, available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mcmanis.com/chuck/robotics/tutorial/h-bridge/Bibliography[ 1 ] PIC16F7X Data Sheet 28/40-Pin, 8-bit CMOS FLASH Microcontroller, By Microchip Technology, Inc. , 2002. hypertext transfer protocol: //ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/30325b.pdf [ 2 ] SRF08 High Performance Ultrasonic Range Finder, By Acroname, Inc. , 1994-2009. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.acroname.com/robotics/parts/R145-SRF08.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.robot-electronics.co.uk/htm/srf08tech.shtml [ 3 ] Radio Frequency Module ( TWS-434 and RWS-434 ) Data Sheet, By Rentron Electronic. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rentron.com/Files/rf.pdf [ 4 ] DC Gear motor ( EMG 30 ) Data Sheet, By technonots.co.uk. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.technobots.co.uk/acatalog/info_1453_005.html [ 5 ] Hall Sensor Principles, By Honeywell.com. hypertext transfer protocol: //content.honeywell.com/sensing/prodinfo/solidstate/technical/chapter2.pdf [ 6 ] L298 H-Bridge Data Sheet, By STMicroelectronics. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.st.com/stonline/products/literature/ds/1773.pdf