Monday, December 23, 2019

We Must Put More Human, Material And Electronic Resources...

Discuss the proposition â€Å"If we could put more human, material and electronic resources into intelligence the more problem of terrorism would disappear. Enhancing Intelligence Management, Developing Community Resilience FAHD PAHDEPIE Terrorism is an evolving and multifaceted phenomenon (Lentini, 2003). Although there is no single definition that is received full approval from academic and governmental circle, most scholars and practitioners believe that the key idea of terrorism is a politically motivated violence against non-combatants that is designed to trigger fear and anxiety among them (Lentini, 2013; Schmid Graaf, 1982). Bakker and Veldhuis (2012) argue that terrorists do not utilize violence to kill or wound their†¦show more content†¦The term of ‘fear management’ in counterterrorism debates is related to the concept of ‘community resilience’ (Bakker Veldhuis, 2012). Borrowing from the concept of ‘resilience’ in ecology, engineering, physics and psychology, where the term is already well developed, the phrase of ‘community resilience’ can be defined as the demonstrated capacity for a given system, such as community, to withstand and respond po sitively to fear and anxiety (Wickes, Zahnow, Mazerolle, 2010). In the counterterrorism context, community resilience can be presumed as a positive factor that limits the negative impact of terrorism on individual and society (Bakker Veldhuis, 2012). In linking with the intelligence as one of the key elements in counterterrorism efforts, there is a big question for the intelligence community regarding what portion that they can contribute in developing the so-called resilient community? While realizing that the need to develop better intelligence management—to put more human, technological, and financial capitals—is immediate necessity (Ackerman, 2001), intelligence community should aware that the major objective of intelligence management is not about apprehending the state of terrorism through data mining and covert actions, rather to develop preparedness, vulnerability, and recovery of the society to face and handle the threats and disorders (Scott Jackson, 2004). Consequently, intelligence should be perceived as an

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Philosophy Matrix Free Essays

University of Phoenix Material Philosophy Matrix | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Historical Developments | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Principal Issues | |Field |Definition | |Schools Of Thought |Key Contributors | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Metaphysics |The study of being: The nature |Plato developed the theory of |Monism |Pythagoras |Metaphysics: Questions about the | | |of being and what |forms and introduced skepticism |Materialism |Parmenides |nature of reality | | |characteristics make up being |about reality. Aristotle coined |Idealism |Heraclitus |Nature of ultimate reality | | | |the word metaphysics. Augustine |Dualism |Zeno |Permanence and Change | | | |reconciled Platonism with | |Empedocles |Appearance and reality | | | |Christianity. We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophy Matrix or any similar topic only for you Order Now Aquinas reconciled| |Anaxagoras |Nature of human reality | | | |Aristotle with Christianity. The| |Plato |Mind-body problems | | | |Scientific Revolution | |Aristotle |Freedom and determinism | | | |Intelligent design versus | |Plotinus | | | | |evolution | |Augustine | | | | | | |Hypatia | | | | | | |Aquinas | | | | | |Anselm | | | | | | |Descartes | | | | | | |Hobbes | | | | | | |Hume | | | | | | |Kant | | | | | | |Kierkegaard | | | | | | |Conway | | | | | | |Spinoza | | | | | | |Leibniz | | | | | | |James | | |Moral |The study of ethics: The |Aristotle develops a system of |Ethical skepticism Descriptive |Plato, |What is a moral judgment? | | |nature, criteria, sources, |ethics. Roman influence: |Relativism Egoism Hedonism |Aristotle |What is morally right or wrong? | | |logic, and validity of moral |Epicureanism and stoicism ethics|Epicureanism Stoicism |Epictetus, | | | |value |become Christianized The Age of | |Augustine | | | | |Reason. |Hildegard, | | | | | | |Hobbes | | | | | | |Hume, | | | | | | |Kant, | | | | | | |Bentham, | | | | | | |Mill | | |Social |The study of society and its |Greek democracy Natural law |Natural Law Contractarian theory|Augustine |How should | | |institutions, including what |becomes Christianized and is |Environmental philosophy |Aquinas |goods be distributed in a | | |would make up an ideal society. |seen as the moral law of God. | |Hobbes |society? | | |Environmental concerns Social | |Rousseau |Do people have natural rights? | | | |justice | |Smith | | | | | | |Taylor | | | | | | |Mill | | | | | |Moore | | | | | | |Rawls | | | | | | |Nussbaum | | |Political |The study of the state, its |Greek democracy Plato’s Republic|Democracy Constitutional Theory |Plato |What form of political state is | | |justification, and how to |Social contract Separation of |Classic Liberalism Marxism |Aristotle |best? | | |organize it ethically |power |Anarchism Libertarianism |Machiavelli |Can a government restrict the | | | | |Objectivism |Locke |liberty of its citizens? | | | | |Hegel | | | | | | |Marx | | | | | | |Nozick | | | | | | |Rand | | |Structuralism |The study of the rules and |Saussure applied |Semiotics |Saussure Levi-Strauss |Study of the deep structure of | | |conventions of the language and|linguistics to epistemology. | | |language | | | |Levi-Strauss applied Saussure’s | | | | | |cultural mythology that govern |methods to cultural | | | | | |large social systems. |mythology. | | | |Deconstruction |The study of the assumptions |Derrida argued against |Free play of signifiers |Derrida |Seeks to expose assumptions about| | |about language, including the |structuralism. | | |language and multiple meanings | | |certainty, identity, and truth | | | |Literary criticism. | | |of text. | | | | |Eastern |The study of the philosophical |Vedic culture Travels of |Hinduism: Vedas, Upanishads |Siddhartha Gautama Buddha |Self-realization, Unity of mind | | |traditions of Hinduism, |Confucius and Lao Tzu Spread |Buddhism: Four Noble Truths, | |and | | |Buddhism, |of Buddhism from India to China |E ightfold | |Body, Harmony of man and | | |Confucianism, and Taoism. | Japan Spread of Islam |Path Taoism Confucianism Islamic| |environment | | | |transcendentalists embrace |philosophy | | | | | |Eastern thought Parliament of | | | | | | |World Religions begins spread f| | | | | | |Eastern thought in | | | | | | |America | | | | |Postcolonial |The synthesis of the |Colonization during the 18th and|Pan-African philosophy |Senghor |Social justice Preservation of | | |disciplines of philosophy with |19th centuries. As countries |African-American thought Latin |Hountondji |oral history and tradition | | |the |gained freedom, their thinkers |American thought |Tutu |Liberation of all peoples. | | |indigenous cultures of Africa, |sought social | |King | | | |the Americas, and Asia. |justice and recognition. |Hooks | | |Feminism |The study of the philosophical |First wave: Pioneers of feminism|Liberal Feminism Radical |Wollstonecraft |Equal rights | | |canon as reconstructed and | |Feminis m Lesbian Feminism |Taylor |Moral theory and | | |revised to be inclusive of |Second wave: Activists from |Socialist Feminism Black |De Beauvoir |gender development issues Sexism | | |women and women’s issues. |1960’s to 1980’s |Feminism Post-feminism |Gilligan |and language. Revisiting other | | | |Third wave: 1990s to present, | |Chodorow |schools of | | | |including younger women for whom| |Irigaray |philosophy from a feminist | | | |feminism is an established | |Kristeva |perspective. | | | |Heritage. | |Cixous | | Directions: Complete the entire matrix and then write a 350- to 500-word response for each of the following questions: What is one example of how the global integration of cultures has affected contemporary philosophical thinking? A manner of analyzing globalization in historical standpoint has to do with the economic and social account of global affairs, and especially with the history of past stages of speedy boost in global trade, investment, communication, and authority. There have been more than a few such instances over the past centuries that come to mind. Among is the export and investment explosions of the 1860s and the earlier part of the twentieth century are merely a couple of the more remarkable instances. (2000) The history of these early periods, and of the institutions with which they were connected, is of substantial contemporary attention. Nonetheless, international history has to be far more than the history of the affairs involving states in the context of their international relations, or their conflicts, or their invasions and domains. It is in excess of the history of exports and imports among countries. (2002) It is over a comparative history. It have to be a history of affairs involving persons and customs, as well as people who belong to quite a lot of diverse cultures all together or who shift among diverse identities, modes of speech, home nations, and even nationalities. Characteristics of Globalization Globalization, has acquired considerable emotive force. Globalization has its own meaning from different individuals. For some, globalization is a process that is beneficial, i. e. a key to the future world economic development and also inevitable and irreversible. Others regard it with hospitality even fear, believing that it increases inequality within and between nations or organizations, threatens employment and living standards and thwarts social progress. Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is a social change, an increase in connections among societies and their elements due to, among others, the explosive evolution of transport and communication technologies. The term is applied to many social, cultural, commercial and economic activities. How to cite Philosophy Matrix, Papers

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Why We Should Not Compare Ourselves with Others free essay sample

Why We Should Not Compare Ourselves With Others? A very good morning to our teacher ,Madam Teoh Ai Leng and my fellow classmate . I am very honoured this morning to be given this opportunity to speak on a very important and interesting subject entitled, â€Å"Why We Should Not Compare Ourselves With Others? †. As you know, a lot of times people advise us to compare ourselves with others but this is not always the best way of thinking. There are many reasons to change this way of thinking and begin to compare ourselves only with ourselves. This is the way it should be, and today I will discuss some of the most important reasons for this. The first reason to avoid comparing yourself with others is that there will be always someone better than you. It doesn’t matter in which aspect, but it is always true. Therefore, you could feel inferior to others and maybe without a real reason. We will write a custom essay sample on Why We Should Not Compare Ourselves with Others ? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, you can be an incredible architect and the best of your generation, and this can make you feel incredibly good, but if someday someone is better than you are, you could feel sad although you are still the same incredible architect that you were before. The second reason to elude this kind of comparison is that you will always find someone worse than you, but as opposed to the first reason, this can make you feel better than the others, and this feeling can turn into a horrible pride. For example, if you are the second best student of your class, and one day the very best student leaves the school, you will then be the best one although you are still only as good as you were before. A third reason to stop comparing ourselves is that the one who compares him or herself with others is judging, and this doesn’t help us develop as human beings. Nobody knows the internal reality of the other; nobody knows his or her story and his or her most deep intentions, and when we judge it’s harder to accept the others. The last but most important reason to avoid comparing ourselves with others is that when we do, we can be tempted to copy them, to do the same things, and to act and think like them. The problem with this is that if we copy someone, we will never know who we really are and what we really want, and then we will never grow spiritually. Dear Students, For all these reasons and because we are unique, we should not compare ourselves with others, only with ourselves. The only comparison pattern that we really have is our consciousness. So, if we use this pattern we will not feel less or more than others; we will also not try to make others look bad. In other words, we will live happier. Thank you.

Saturday, November 30, 2019

William Shakespeare Essays (909 words) - Counties Of England

William Shakespeare The history of William Shakespeare, poet and playwright, is anything but one free of controversy. There are several arguments challenging his very existence. Over the years, every aspect of his life has been studied and researched comprehensively. One of the most intriguing aspects of his life undoubtedly is his relationship with his wife and his various love affairs. This essay aims to highlight and analyze the environment surrounding his marriage and attempt to compare it with information presented in the screenplay. The various scholars who have involved themselves in bringing to life his past have come up with stirring evidence about his marriage. What is for certain is the fact that Shakespeare did marry a certain Anne Hathaway. "On November 28, 1582 the Bishop of Worcester issued the marriage bond for 'William Shagspere' and 'Ann Hathwey of Stratford' This was almost beyond doubt, Anne Hathaway, daughter of Richard Hathaway of Shottery" (1582 Marriage). This quote not only confirms this fact, but also gives us the most accurate known date of Shakespeare's wedding. However, some records have changed the whole story surrounding Shakespeare's marriage. Ivor Brown, in his book Shakespeare, traces the circumstances that led up to the marriage. William Shakespeare may not have married Anne Hathaway out of choice. "On November 27, 1582, an entry was made in the Episcopal register at Worcester. This set down the issue of a marriage license to William Shakespeare and Anne Whatley of Temple Grafton. On the next day, two yeomen of Stratford, Fulk Sandells and John Richardson, agreed to pay forty pounds should any legal consideration arise to prevent the marriage of William Shagspere and Anne Hathway of Worcester." (Brown 45) The first theory that can be proposed after reading the excerpt is that an error occurred in the recording of the wedding and was promptly taken care of the next day. But, what if Anne Whatley really did exist? After all, the excerpt does claim that the two Annes were from different towns. It isn't hard to tribute an affair to Shakespeare at all. Shakespeare didn't need looks to captivate a lady's heart. Over the years, he has captured the hearts of millions worldwide with his penmanship. Arguably, such a man could, at that young an age, have easily seduced several women with the magic of his words. And, even though he is some ten years older in the screenplay, Norman and Stoppard have done a brilliant job of portraying Will as an individual brimming with passion and lust in the screenplay. Though a mix up in names was commonplace of that time, it is unlikely that it took place in this instance. Hathaway and Whatley are wholly different names and Temple Grafton could certainly not have been penned down as Stratford. "Now however sleepy a clerk may have become during the course of his day's penmanship and its refreshment intervals, it is extremely unlikely that he would transliterate Temple Grafton into Stratford" (Brown 48). This bit of evidence may be the clue that suggests the possibility of Anne Whatley's existence. Had there been an Anne Whatley from Temple Grafton and an Anne Hathaway, from Stratford, it would give a juicy twist to the story of William Shakespeare, the lover! But, we can only speculate as to what the truth actually was. Perhaps, Shakespeare had intended to marry Whatley all the way and an irresistible Hathaway had suddenly walked into his life. Another possibility could be that the playwright was having an affair with both women at the same time and had made false promises to both. And, the reason he ended up marrying Hathaway was that she was three months pregnant. " . . . because the bride was some three months pregnant and there was reason for haste in concluding the marriage" (1582 Marriage). This corresponds with what Will tells Dr. Moth in the screenplay. So, we arrive at the conclusion that Shakespeare did not marry Anne Hathaway by choice. This would obviously imply that the relationship would not be a happy one and would in fact be short-lived. Hence, we return to Will's statement in the screenplay about the detached relationship between him and his wife. "WILL: Four years and a hundred miles away in Stratford. A cold bed too, since the twins were born. Banishment was a blessing" (12). This statement not only describes the emptiness between the couple, but also runs parallel with the possibility that Will indeed never wanted Hathaway as his wife. Another strong pillar supporting this theory is a statement from Shakespeare's will.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Strategic Planning Essays - Management, Strategic Management

Strategic Planning Essays - Management, Strategic Management Strategic Planning MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING ESSAY 1998/99 The development of a strategic plan is essential to the achievement of organisational goals. Discuss. The development of a strategic plan is an essential part of strategic management accounting. If carried out to its full credibility the organisation will achieve its goals. It is important to note that the strategic plan is set for long term planning, as much as 3-5 years. It has been established that a strategic plan requires the specification of objectives distinguished between three key elements, forming a hierarchy: the mission of an organisation, corporate objectives and unit objectives. These objectives are the first stage of the strategic plan, before the organisation has to ask, and answer, three simple but vital questions; 1) Where are we now? 2) Where do we want to be? (long term) 3) How are we going to get there? This is where we bring analysis such as SWOT analysis, the Boston matrix, the value chain and the Ansoff matrix into the plan. Corporate objectives relate to the organisation as a whole. They are expressed in financial terms, such as desired profit or sales levels, return on capital employed (ROCE), rates of growth or market share, and are normally measurable in some way. Formulated by members of the board, or directors to be handed down to senior management. United Biscuits corporate objectives in their annual report of 1985 were; 'The most important objective remains the achievement of a minimum return of 20% on average capital employees, with a target return of 25%'.2 Unit objectives relate to the specific objectives of individual units within the organisation, such as a division or one company within a holding company. The unit objectives for costain group plc in their annual report of 1986 were; 'In the UK costain Homes is budgeted to sell 2'500 homes in 1987, - a figure that will put it among the top ten house builders'.3 Before the corporate and unit objectives are incorporated one must start with the mission, and the basic concepts which involve vision statement, mission statement, goals and objectives. The first thing is to establish the long-term strategic aims of the organisation, otherwise known as corporate planning. A vision statement would be drawn up first and is simply a vague sentence expressing the positive effect it will have on society and is often used to say how the 'world will become a better place due to the existence of the proposal(s). This is often linked with the mission statement, and some companies may even omit the vision and focus only on the mission. This emphasis more on the specific role that the organisation plans. It describes in very general terms the broad purpose and reason for its existence, the nature of the business(es) it is in, and the customers it seeks to serve and satisfy over the long run. The mission statement for international company 'Virgin' is very simple, very brief but informative as to what they wanted to put across, and is simply; 'The directors aim to develop virgin into the leading British international media and entertainment group'.4 Equally important are the goals and objectives. Firstly the organisational goals, the aims that the company strives to incorporate and achieve. These are a more detailed breakdown of what the mission states. They will be defined for different groups of shareholders. As one would expect, organisational goals are established for shorter time frames and are of unquantified sources. Goals can be a little ambiguous, they can be expressed in simple terms, for example, to make a profit, or in a wider area, to increase productivity. Therefore such goals can be taken for granted and so tell us little about the emphasis placed on the various activities of the organisation in meeting those goals. On the other hand one can say how vitally important they are. They provide a basis for planning and management control, guidelines for decision making and justification for the actions taken. The goals that the company set out in their report will be different to that received by the individuals, group s or departments of that same company. The goals will help to develop commitment of these people and so focuses attention on purposeful behaviour providing a basis for motivation and rewards. Fig 1: FORMAL GOALS Personal goals of

Friday, November 22, 2019

Business Project Managing And Assignments Management Essay

Business Project Managing And Assignments Management Essay Introduction Before one can tackle the question at hand, i.e. the decisions that a project manager has to make in order to create a cohesive and productive environment for his project team, one must first be familiar with the basics of project management. Project management is a wide area which has gained relatively greater importance in the last three decades. Managers began to realize that project management techniques and abilities were central to the success or failure of projects and thus a great deal of research and literature was published on the factors that affect and influence project management techniques (Maylor, 2005). Needless to say, project management is an area of study that requires a great deal of study because of the number of variables associated with it. This paper will thus start off by giving a brief overview of project management in a bid to first establish that the environment in which the project team feels motivated can in fact determine the success or fa ilure of a project and then move on to critically analyze different ways in which a project manager can improve this environment per se. Business Project Management (1)Various texts have defined a project differently, one could informally see a project as a bid to accomplish a given objective through a set of interlinked tasks using a given amount of resources. It could be something as simple as planning a wedding or a more complex task like building a new house. More formally, a project can be defined as, â€Å"A complex, non-routine, one-time effort limited by time, budget, resources, and performance specifications designed to meet customer needs (Allan 2004, p.12).† From this formal definition we can deduce some main attributes of projects such as the fact that a project has an established objective, a defined life span, has specific time, cost and performance requirements and requires across-the-organization participation. The main attributes of a project are not only ess ential for planning and implementing the project but ultimately, the success or failure of a project is judged on how well it has adhered to these essential attributes. Basically one has to see how well a project meets customer requirements and whether it has been able to do it within the time, cost and performance requirements that had been initially established. As mentioned earlier, projects can comprise large complex assignments or small tasks spanning only a few days. For practical purposes, one must also be familiar with the prevailing types of organizational structures in order to better understand the various ways in which impending projects are tackled by various organizations. The first kind can be labeled as the functional organizational structure. Different segments of the project are delegated to respective functional units of the organization and coordination is maintained through normal communication channels. Such a structure allows for flexibility, in-depth expertis e and easy post-project transition for team members. At the same time however, there is poor integration, a lack of focus and more importantly a lack of ownership for the success or failure of particular tasks. Then there is the dedicated project team structure. It is normally implemented by projectized organizations that are mainly dependent on one time projects to conduct the bulk of their business. In this system, each task or assignment is treated as a distinct project and a group of employees is put into a project team and handed the sole responsibility of completing that particular project (Burke 2003, p.89). The system is fast, simple, cohesive and allows for cross-functional integration from different departments. On the downside, it proves expensive, leads to internal strife between team members and there arises a problem of post-project transition for the employees. Thirdly, there is the matrix structure. It’s a hybrid organizational structure and seeks to combine t he best attributes of the two structures formerly discussed. Basically, there are two chains of command and project participants report simultaneously to both functional and project managers. The matrix structure achieves a greater integration of expertise and project requirements. There are three sub-types of the matrix organizational structure. In the weak-form matrix, the authority of the functional manager predominates and the project manager only has indirect authority. In the balanced form matrix, the project manager sets the overall plan and the functional manager determines how work is to be done.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Relationship between organizational commitment and job satisfaction at Essay

Relationship between organizational commitment and job satisfaction at Mcdonalds restaurants - Essay Example HR initiatives of McDonald’s greatly facilitate job satisfaction and create a highly motivated and effective workforce. It promotes a sense of shared vision and collective responsibility resulting in improved performance and productivity. Apart from this, McDonald’s conscientiously encourages professional development through in-house training and creating a continuous learning environment. It helps nurture a high standard of ethics and quality work by inculcating sense of responsibility and accountability in their work parameters. The regular incentives for improved performance, in-house discount on food items and flexible timings are few other vital factors for high job satisfaction amongst the McDonald’s workforce. The recent initiatives by the management to promote employment of people who have been unemployed for more than six months hugely reflects the company’s social consciousness and labor friendly policies (Burley, 2009). One can therefore, conclu de that organizational commitment and job satisfaction at McDonald’s are intrinsically linked. The various service and reward programs encourage its employees to give their best. Its commitment to diversity at workplace ensures relationship building through cross cultural understanding and mutual respect. Reference Burley, Briar. (25 March, 2009) McDonald’s to help unemployed.

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Managing Public Relations in Nonprofit Organizations Case Study

Managing Public Relations in Nonprofit Organizations - Case Study Example Further secondary research was done on a database of the consumer media and national science. The reason for this research was to broaden the scope of the target audience following the announcement. Consequently, the stakeholders identified were prominent science reporters. However, quantitative research involving telephone interviews with the reporters to ascertain their reliability produced negative results. To this end, a content analysis was undertaken on the BNL website. The purpose was to deliver a high amount of information pertaining to the upcoming conference and public announcement. The evaluation measures employed involved the measuring of communication output. In this case, part of the objective was to achieve a mass advert of their product and elicit positive media reactions. To this end, the company surpassed their expected communication output whereby over 700 million coverage was achieved. In addition, the public relations firm employed the measure of outcomes as an evaluation. Consequently, the whole public announcement aspired to receive positive reviews from the public and media. Moreover, these reviews were supposed to spur the government in increasing budgetary allocation without arousing political aspersions on its public announcement. As a result, the firm was able to receive positive reviews from the media and public. Moreover, these reviews factored in on the increase of budgetary allocations. In addition, the public relation firms employed the measure of institutional outcomes as an evaluative tool. Consequently, BNL had an objective of increasi ng a budgetary allocation for its project. As a result, the institutional outcome was achieved through an increased budgetary allocation of $ 13,400. The planning process entailed developing of a media list in which media outlets were identified. The aim was to achieve target audience for the impending announcement. To this end, the media list developed

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Effects of Globalization in China Essay Example for Free

Effects of Globalization in China Essay When it comes to globalization people will ask some questions. What is globalization? It seems that people who know little about globalization are out of date and lag far behind modern trends. Simon Jeffery (2002) asserts that globalization is the mixing of cultural and economic influences from around the world that has been going on for the last five hundred years. With the development of the global market in China, globalization plays an important role that is undeniably because China has the fastest growing economy in the world. Globalization provides good conditions for expanding international exchanges and strengthening mutual communication between different countries. Although there are many facets to globalization, the increasing acceptance of this concept has resulted in a certain homogenization of views, both economic and political as well as in cultural systems, but most noticeably in economics. (Diane Perrons 2004) The most obvious impact of globalization is as an economic phenomenon, the promotion of free trade in goods, both exports and imports, accompanied by the exchange of labour and services. China has a long history of trade, from the Han Dynasty onwards the Silk Road was the artery of communication which extended across continents as far as Rome itself, then the capital of a world empire. However, throughout the Ming and Qing dynasties China pursued a policy of economic protectionism, leading to a long period of isolation that was brought to an abrupt end with the Opium Wars. The resulting economic degradation enforced by the victorious British had such disastrous consequences for modern China that it was not until the advent of Deng Xiaoping and his reform and opening up policy that China’s development was accepted as inseparable from the outside world. (George T Crane 1999) In recent years the extent to which globalization has been gaining in popularity has increased at an amazing rate in China. The benefits of modern economic globalization since opening up are indisputably reflected in the nation’s booming economy so that China can only be considered undeveloped in comparison to the most developed nations. However, globalization does not always pose equal benefits and risks to all nations. With the developing of the economy in China, the inequality between developing countries and developed countries has been increasing and the gaps between the very poor and the very rich are becoming wider. China has an overwhelming advantage compared with most of the developing countries in terms of finance and the level of technology, culture and science but it is still the superpower countries and other developed capitalist countries which control the main situation of economic globalization in the world. Many people believe that opportunists, both individually and nationally, use globalization purely as a means to increase their profits at China’s expense. The advent of globalization in its present form would not have been possible without adaptations in national politics. Some view globalization as the means to create a form of world government or a union of governments, for example within the World Trade Organization, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, which helps to regulate the relationships between different countries and provide guarantees for the rights of peoples affected by the increase of economic and social globalization. (Francesco Stipo 2007) Recently, it has become more noticeable how the Chinese political authorities regularly cite the advances in ‘socialist construction’ and the vitality of new economic growth as an indication of national success. The association with other powers has encouraged the Chinese government to open up in all directions, by lowering tariffs, opening services to foreign competition, promoting exports and welcoming foreign trade the government has allowed a free exchange of ideas in all directions and helped China to become a more prosperous, strong, democratic and culturally advanced socialist country. Unfortunately, these benefits may carry a hidden danger. Since the end of the Second World War the United States has held an overall position of supremacy amongst the other nations of the world, a position which is enhanced by the power and wealth of the American economy. Due to the influence of globalization and to some extent the assistance of the United States’ itself, the People’s Republic of China has enjoyed a period of incredible growth within the last ten years. Should this rate of growth continue at the predicted levels over the next twenty years, there is a strong possibility of a major redistribution of influence among the leading nations. China could become the main rival of the United States and challenge America’s position as the world’s leading superpower. (Charles E Hurst 2007) It will take great political skill from fundamentally opposed ideologies to avoid serious resentment and possible conflict as a consequence of such a drastic shift in the balance of power. Alongside the other developments in globalization, there has been an increasing change to the original culture of China. According to David Held Anthony McGrew (2002), national societies developed during a long period in which people were mainly content to live within their own native cultures. Although the spread of the world’s major religions can be seen as an early form of globalization, which brought new ideas and made many social impacts, this was a relatively slow process taking decades and centuries in China. People migrating from other countries and holding different beliefs naturally find it difficult to adapt to local customs but China has a long history of absorbing whole populations with diverse ethnic backgrounds. As a result of the economic and political benefits brought by globalization, people have increased their standard of living and enjoy foreign products and ideas. Modern developments in communication are widely available even in the remotest regions and many people want to acquire the equivalent of a westernized urban lifestyle. On the other hand, those who are against this trend suggest that modern globalization creates an atmosphere where there is a possible danger of the original national culture disappearing and that it exerts a negative impact on the preservation of national characteristics. While globalization advocates an open face policy, many people see this as a threat leading to erroneous concepts and a lowering of ethical standards, a kind of selfish and individualistic lifestyle which is harmful. For example, the preference for Hollywood films, shoppers buying from international malls, more people eating western food and staying in luxury hotels. Increasingly, people want the chance to live in foreign countries where they can have this lifestyle but the resulting ‘brain drain’ is considered a problem since it is mainly the educated and skilled workers who are leaving China. Gregory Chow 2006) Globalization is changing an increasing number of people’s daily life in China and it is difficult to predict the eventual cost in cultural damage to such a traditional people. To sum up, from what has been discussed about globalization, how does this affect China and her position in the world? Globalization could be identified as the means to end any con flict between different interests because different groups of people hold different views, ideologies, perspectives and methodologies. Globalization might have the impetuous to resolve the complicated competition between China and other countries. However, China should take some measures to protect both the national and local culture and consider adjusting the economic pace in the rush to catch up with other countries. As to the result, it might be very difficult to safeguard against the worst aspects of globalization and to preserve China and maintain that unique heritage which is such a feature in the world.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Conflicts in the Epic of Beowulf Essay -- Epic of Beowulf Essay

Beowulf – the Conflicts  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   J.D.A. Ogilvy and Donald C. Baker in â€Å"Beowulf’s Heroic Death† comment on the hero’s culpability in his final conflict:    . . .the author describes Beowulf and the dragon lying dead side by side and observes rather sententiously that it was a bad business fighting with a dragon or disturbing his hoard. Beowulf, he adds, had paid for the treasure with his life. Some commentators seem to consider this passage, combined with Wiglaf’s remarks about Beowulf’s insistence on fighting the dragon alone, as a criticism of Beowulf’s conduct (69).    Beowulf contains considerable conflict, both external and internal. Conflict is how one describes the relationship between the protagonist and antagonist in a literary work (Abrams 225). There is also another type of conflict which takes place within the mind of a given character. These two types of conflict occur within this poem.    H. L. Rogers in â€Å"Beowulf’s Three Great Fights† expresses his opinion as a literary critic regarding conflicts in the poem:    The superhuman forces are Fate, the heathen gods, or the Christian God; conflicts between them and the hero’s character are frequently found. . . .The treatment in the three great fights of the motives of weapons, treasure and society implies a moral idea in which the poet believed: that a man should not trust in the things of this world, for they will fail him. Another aspect of this idea comes out clearly in the account of the first fight: that a man should trust rather in God and in the natural powers God gives him, for these will not fail him(234-37).    King Hrothgar’s construction of Heorot and the subsequent enhancement of the joy of the Danes precipitated t... ...with repeated conflict!       WORKS CITED    Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms, 7th ed. New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1999. BEOWULF. From The Harvard Classics, Volume 49.   P.F. Collier & Son, 1910. Translated by Francis B. Gummere. http://wiretap.area.com/ftp.items/Library/Classic/beowulf.txt Clover, Carol F. â€Å"The Unferth Episode.† In The Beowulf Reader, edited by Peter S. Baker. New York: Garland Publishing, 2000. Ogilvy, J.D.A. and Donald C. Baker. â€Å"Beowulf’s Heroic Death.† In Readings on Beowulf, edited by Stephen P. Thompson. San Diego: Greenhaven Press,1998. Clark, George. Beowulf. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1990. Rogers, H. L. â€Å"Beowulf’s Three Great Fights.† In An Anthology of Beowulf Criticism, edited by Lewis E. Nicholson. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1963.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Drb Grant

Dudley Ransford Brandyce Grant was an educationalist who specialized in the theory of early childhood school development in Jamaica. He is regarded by many as the ‘Father of Early Childhood Education in Jamaica'. Born in Santa Marta, Colombia on September 15, 1915 he immigrated to Jamaica with his parents, James and Annie, at an early age. He attended Maldon Primary School, St. James in his youth before continuing his education at Mico Teachers' College in St.Andrew. Mr. Grant also went on to complete a Master's of Science at Cornell University, USA before furthering his learning at great institutions including Oxford University's School of Education in England and the Universities of New York and Columbia in the United States. Career D. R. B Grant was a highly respected and accomplished tutor and theorist whose career was filled with an extensive list of achievements and positions of authority at all academic levels.He began his educational profession as a Primary school teach er, later moving up to school Principal, before continuing his progression through the teaching ranks as Senior lecturer, University of the West Indies and Visiting Lecturer at University of Maryland in the USA. Early Childhood Education After this, Mr. Grant began to concentrate on his Early Education work. Below are the positions and roles that D. R. B undertook: Director for the Project for Early Childhood Education (PECE) †¢ Consultant to the Jamaican Ministry of Education's Early Childhood Education Program †¢ Director of University of West Indies/Bernard van Leer Foundation Centre for Early Childhood Education †¢ Consultant/Advisor on Early Childhood Education in developing countries †¢ Vice Chairman of Jamaican Government’s Programme for the Advancement of Childhood Education (PACE).During the period 1967-1968, while on secondment to the Ministry of Education Jamaica, he started the first teaching internship programme which has become a major compon ent of the teacher education programme in Jamaica. D. R. B. Grant also conceived and implemented the Project for Early Childhood Education (P. E. C. E. ) which was funded by the van Leer Foundation of Holland. He directed this project from 1966-1987.He became a highly respected international authority in the field of early childhood education and occupied various consulting and advisory roles. In 1972, D. R. B. Grant was appointed by the Ministry to Education, Jamaica as a member of the Committee for an In-depth Study for Primary Education. He also played a pivotal role in the design and organization of the Hope Valley Experimental School. In recognition of D. R. B.Grant’s contribution to early childhood education, the University of the West Indies, Mona has named the Early Childhood Resource Centre in his honor. In addition, the Dudley Grant Memorial Trust (DGMT) was established through the Bernard van Leer Foundation in 1989 to commemorate his life and work. D. R. B Grant o fficially retired in 1978 but continued his work until his death on August 25, 1988. He was 73 years old. Dudley Ransford Brandyce Grant Name: Sherene Badjnaut Teacher:

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Maceda and Recto Law Essay

These two laws are relevant and are very often the issue of many court cases. Both laws govern the sale of property by installments. The Recto Law, which forms part of the Civil Code, covers installment sales of personal property while the Maceda Law governs installment sales of real property. The Recto Law The Recto Law comprises Articles 1484 to 1486 of the Civil Code. It was added to the Civil Code to prevent abuses in the foreclosure of chattel mortgages, such as when mortgagee-creditors foreclosed mortgaged property, bought them at a low price (on purpose,) then prosecuted the mortgagor-debtors to recover the deficiencies. In the event a buyer of personal property defaults by failing to pay two or more of the agreed installments, the seller can do any of the following: 1.) Demand that the buyer pay (a.k.a. specific performance) 2.) Cancel or rescind the sale 3.) Foreclose the mortgage on the property bought (if there ever was a chattel mortgage) Regarding no. 3, this happens when a person takes a loan to buy something and he mortgages the thing he bought to ensure the creditor that he will pay the loan. Remember: If you choose one remedy, you can’t choose the others. These remedies, believe it or not, are also available to the buyer. You also can’t use all or any of them at the same time. The Recto Law also won’t apply to a straight sale (i.e. a sale where there is a downpayment and the balance is payable in the future in a single payment only.) The seller can also assign his credit to another person, making that person the new creditor. If the buyer refuses to surrender the items to the seller, he becomes a perverse buyer-mortgagor. When that happens, the seller can recover expenses and attorney’s fees. The Recto Law also covers leases with the option to purchase. The Maceda Law The Maceda Law, RA 6552, is the real estate equivalent of the Recto Law. Like the Recto Law, it also covers financing of sales of real property (which is why mortgages also come in.) It doesn’t apply,however, to the following sales: 1.) Industrial lots 2.) Commercial buildings and lots 3.) Lands under the CARP Law Depending on when the buyer defaults, there are two (2) possible scenarios: if the buyer paid at least two (2) years’ installments and if the buyer paid less than 2 years’ installments. If the buyer paid less than 2 years’ installments and defaults, he is given a grace period of sixty (60) days starting from the date of his last installment to resume paying. This period can be increased by the seller. If after the grace period the buyer still can’t pay, the seller must make a notarial demand to cancel the sale. The cancellation becomes effective thirty (30) days after the buyer was notified. So it’s possible that the buyer could be notified two months after the 60-day period and then the 30-day period will begin. If the buyer paid at least two years’ installments, the buyer can pay the unpaid balance without interest. The grace period is computed at one (1) month per year of installment payments. It also begins from the time the buyer paid his last installment. The grace period can be used only once every five (5) years of the sales contract’s life -including its extensions. So it’s possible to have a grace period of a year if the buyer had been  paying his installments faithfully for 12 years. Once the buyer chooses to use the grace period, he can’t get it again until another five years are over. If the seller wants to cancel the sale, he has to refund the buyer of 50% of the actual payments. If the buyer paid more than five years’ installments another 5% for every year is to be added to the refund, but only up to 90% of the total payments made. The payments mentioned here include the downpayment, options and deposits. The refund is made in this way: if the buyer paid more 2 to 5 years’ installments, he can get back 50% of the cash surrender value. If he paid for more than 5 years, he can get the 50% plus 5% per year up to 90%. The buyer is also allowed to make advanced payments, or even the full price, without interest. He can also assign his rights to another person, making that person the new buyer, but he can only do that with a notarial deed of sale assignment. The Maceda Law cannot be used by a real estate developer (see here.) It also cannot be used by the highest bidder in foreclosure proceedings. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6552 REALTY INSTALLMENT BUYER PROTECTION ACT AN ACT TO PROVIDE PROTECTION TO BUYERS OF REAL ESTATE ON INSTALLMENT PAYMENTS Section 1. This Act shall be known as the â€Å"Realty Installment Buyer Act.† Sec. 2. It is hereby declared a public policy to protect buyers of real estate on installment payments against onerous and oppressive conditions. Sec. 3. In all transactions or contracts involving the sale or financing of real estate on installment payments, including residential condominium apartments but excluding industrial lots, commercial buildings and sales to tenants under Republic Act Numbered Thirty-eight hundred forty-four, as amended by Republic Act Numbered Sixty-three hundred eighty-nine, where the buyer has paid at least two years of installments, the buyer is entitled to the following rights in case he defaults in the payment of succeeding installments: (a) To pay, without additional interest, the unpaid  installments due within the total grace period earned by him which is hereby fixed at the rate of one month grace period for every one year of installment payments made: Provided, That this right shall be exercised by the buyer only once in every five years of the life of the contract and its extensions, if any. (b) If the contract is cancelled, the seller shall refund to the buyer the cash surrender value of the payments on the property equivalent to fifty per cent of the total payments made, and, after five years of installments, an additional five per cent every year but not to exceed ninety per cent of the total payments made: Provided, That the actual cancellation of the contract shall take place after thirty days from receipt by the buyer of the notice of cancellation or the demand for rescission of the contract by a notarial act and upon full payment of the cash surrender value to the buyer. Down payments, deposits or options on the contract shall be included in the computation of the total number of installment payments made. Sec. 4. In case where less than two years of installments were paid, the seller shall give the buyer a grace period of not less than sixty days from the date the installment became due. If the buyer fails to pay the installments due at the expiration of the grace period, the seller may cancel the contract after thirty days from receipt by the buyer of the notice of cancellation or the demand for rescission of the contract by a notarial act. Sec.   5. Under Section 3 and 4, the buyer shall have the right to sell his rights or assign the same to another person or to reinstate the contract by updating the account during the grace period and before actual cancellation of the contract. The deed of sale or assignment shall be done by notarial act. Sec.  6. The buyer shall have the right to pay in advance any installment or the full unpaid balance of the purchase price any time without interest and to have such full payment of the purchase price annotated in the certificate of title covering the property. Sec. 7. Any stipulation in any contract hereafter entered into contrary to the provisions of Sections 3, 4, 5 and 6, shall be null and void. Sec. 8. If any provision of this Act is held invalid or unconstitutional, no other provision shall be affected thereby. Sec. 9. This Act shall take effect upon its approval. Approved: August 26, 1972 Source: http://www.foreclosurephilippines.com/2011/04/maceda-law-full-text-ra-6552.html#ixzz2WU4VzLe8

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Trailers Harry Potter and Mission Impossible 2 Essays

Trailers Harry Potter and Mission Impossible 2 Essays Trailers Harry Potter and Mission Impossible 2 Paper Trailers Harry Potter and Mission Impossible 2 Paper The use of a trailer to advertise films has developed in the last ten years into an art almost separate from that of making the film itself. As seen last summer when Star Wars Fever was at its height, the release of certain eagerly awaited trailers has become almost as hyped as the release of the film itself. More and more attention is paid towards the making of trailers and teaser trailers, because of the huge role they play in boosting the profits of the film. They have become longer, they give away more of the plot lines than ever before and in some cases specialist directors have been called in to make them.Both of these trailers are teaser trailers. This means that they are released quite some time before the film, in the case of Harry Potter, nine months before the film is due to be released. They contain less information about plots than normal trailers, merely introducing the viewer to the genre and possibly some of the major selling points, although s ome teasers may be quite minimal. Their basic aim is to get across the information, what film and when its coming out, not to provide detailed information about the film.Harry Potter and The Sorcerers Stone is a film that has been eagerly anticipated for months. The series of books has been hugely popular and the making of the film has been under the public eye ever since the boy to play Harry was chosen. The audience and therefore profit for this film was more or less guaranteed, so giving away plot-lines or establishing genre is less important for this film than it is for Mission: Impossible 2. The trailer therefore concentrates more on showing off other selling points, such as famous actors and special effects.MI 2 although the sequel to a highly successful film cannot rely on instant audiences on sheer hype. It therefore needs to give away much more of the plot and action than the Harry Potter trailer. Mission: Impossible has one major selling point, Tom Cruise. He is an unique selling point in his own right, attracting large crowds into the cinema. This is shown in the way that he is the focus in almost every shot throughout the trailer. He is not introduced until about twenty seconds into the trailer, when the camera quickly zooms into a shot of his face covering the whole screen. He is dangling from a cliff face with one hand, but he doesnt panic like a normal person, he takes one deep breath and gives the camera an Im cool and in control look. With this one shot we are introduced into one of the major themes running through the trailer (and film), Ethan Hunt (Tom Cruise) gets into many dangerous situations but remains cool.Almost all film trailers and films start with a shot of the logo of the film company, in these cases Paramount and Warner Bros. Both of these trailers do this however they take this standard a step further and incorporate the logos into the rest of the trailer. The Paramount logo is of a mountain surrounded by stars, and the word Par amount. This logo is manipulated by taking it into three dimensions with a helicopter shot panning round the outside of the mountain. This instantly introduces us to rocky mountainous landscapes, making the transition into the first shot of the film, a long helicopter shot, speeding across a barren, rocky desert, seem much more natural. In Harry Potter, the logo is shown, as the non-diagenic words, Theres no such thing as magic! are heard, swiftly followed by the hoot of an owl. Suddenly the logo shakes and owls come flying out of the gold lettering, changing the blue background into a sky-scape. In these first ten seconds, the genre of the film is immediately established.Establishing the genre of the film is a very important part of film trailers. Some trailers, like MI 2 prefer to leave this until later, drawing as much of the audience into the film as impartially as possible. If Mission: Impossible 2, Action Movie, Violence, Gadgets, Girls! was splashed across the screen with the first shot of the trailer, it would discourage a large amount of the viewers from going to see the film. By leaving these statements until later in the film, they hope to increase the range of their target audience. Harry Potter however, establishes its genre almost immediately with the opening words, Theres no such thing as magic! Harry Potter is a household name across the country and so concealing the story line and genre for as long as the MI 2 trailer would be nearly impossible. Instead they grab the viewers attention immediately with the booming slam of a door and loudly spoken words. The trailer then continues at this breakneck speed right up until the last shot.The two trailers are shot in very different styles; MI 2 is shot and cut, using the very distinctive style of John Woo. Woo is well known for his martial arts and action films and uses many camera tricks, shown in this trailer. These unconventional styles give the film a cooler status than Harry Potter which more or less uses the same standard style all the way through. Woo is particularly known for his habit of altering the speed of shots, slowing down the frame speed, often during fight scenes. This emphasises the skill and brutality of the fights and allows the viewer to take in more detail, especially facial expressions. This is used principally with Tom Cruise; in the first fight scene we see him execute a spinning kick in slow motion. This allows us to see the anger and concentration on Cruises face and also puts more emphasis on the fluidity of the movement the swinging of Cruises hair following his movement catches the eye.Up until halfway through the MI 2 trailer, there are almost no fast action scenes at all. It is filmed with long, sweeping, panoramic shots, some more than 5 seconds in length. Fades are used instead of straight cuts to add continuity and mise en scene shots are used to show the size and scope of the landscape. And then, louder music cuts in, an explosion rips across the screen as his glasses self-destruct and the action begins. A series of short one or two second cuts begins, showing action from the film. These includes fight scenes, car chases and sex scenes. Many special effects and stunts are shown, with a variety of different camera effects. Frame speed is altered and colour filters are used. Several shots are shown in black and white, this has many effects. It adds contrast and definition to the shot, removing the distraction of colour; it adds dramatic impact to the shot as these black and white shots are in contrast to the rest of the trailer which is shown in colour; it also adds verisimilitude, especially for the younger generation. Black and white has connotations with the truth; CCTV footage is shown in black and white, and television documentaries often contain black and white footage. The flames from the original explosion, licking across the screen link all of these action shots. Adding a sense of violence and danger to the shots , as they are all tinted with red. It also seems to add continuity across otherwise disjointed shots.A similar linking effect is used in the first part of the Harry Potter trailer. After the original flurry of owls covering the screen, a steam train is seen travelling through a valley. It then moves into another shot but as it fades into the next the same train is seen from a different angle. This continues until, finally, we see the train stopped at a station. Fade cuts are almost always used between shots, which gives the trailer an overall feeling of wholeness. It also gives the one time a straight cut is used great dramatic effect, as it appears very sudden. There are also far fewer close-up shots in this trailer; this gives the trailer a feeling of space. This could also be to do with the fact that the actor who plays Harry Potter is not a major star, and the film is more to do with the story or the relationships between the different characters than one major star, like Tom Cr uise in MI 2The target audience of Mission: Impossible 2 is very much teenagers and young adults. The film appeals to their sense of what is cool and what isnt. Tom Cruise wears cool clothes, drives fast cars, and attracts beautiful women. He has a very relaxed attitude towards danger shown when at the end of the trailer he says with a smile, Youve gotta be kidding. This gives him a status among the viewers and makes it a film worth seeing. He is set up as a role model and everything that a young man should want to be like. Harry Potter on the other hand is mainly targeted at pre-adolescent children. This audience is attracted by the fantastic world of wizardry and by the magical special effects shown. Much time is spent showing children flying on broomsticks for example and the soundtrack has many sound effects such as rolling thunder and hooting owls, associated with magic.Both films are linked with a non-diagenic voiceover that speaks a well-known phrase. In MI 2 the almost legen dary words, This is your mission should you choose to accept it are spoken by the well-known voice of Sir Anthony Hopkins. This voice continues until the action sequence begins and then again at the end the words, This message will self-destruct in five seconds are heard. These phrases are intertextualities with the television series, in which every episode began with a similar dialogue. Interestingly in both trailers the voiceovers are letters to the main character of the film. In Harry Potter, the equally famous voice of Sir Richard Attenborough, reads the letter telling Harry, You have been accepted to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. This letter will be extremely familiar to children who have read the book, Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone and they will link this trailer, in with the book by intertextuality. People new to Harry Potter will also find their interest evoked by this simple introduction to the story.The soundtrack to the Harry Potter trailer is an e specially composed, orchestral piece that links directly in with the action going on during the trailer. For example, we see Harry, Hermione and Ron screaming, but instead of hearing a scream we hear the music reach a climax at exactly the same moment. The music is quiet and tuneful during calm scenes and when there is a frightening or dangerous scene it is loud and threatening.In MI 2 the music is another intertextuality with the television series, from which the main theme for the music was taken. The soundtrack was commissioned to a cool rock band (again adding status to the film among younger people) but still revolved around the same basic theme. The music doesnt fit around the action going on in the trailer, apart from when the loud guitar theme begins simultaneously with the action sequence. Also it pauses to let Cruise say the only diagenic line at the end. Less care was probably taken with the soundtrack in this trailer, as it would probably be reused during the actual film . This is impossible for a tailor-made soundtrack such as is used in Harry Potter.These teaser trailers are much shorter than a normal trailer would be, and instead of immersing us in plot lines, intend to expose us to high-paced special effects and action, instantly grabbing our attention. However short and uninformative they may be, they are still glimpses of what is to come and so command huge amounts of excitement among dedicated fans.

Monday, November 4, 2019

Pain Management in Cardiac Surgery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Pain Management in Cardiac Surgery - Essay Example Overview of Pain and its Management Pain is a subjective and relatively complex perception that indicates presence or occurrence of tissue damage in the human body. It is the body’s natural response to infection or injury to signal the person that something is damaged in the system (Definition and Types of Pain, 2012). Nociception is the process involved in pain perception where stimuli from potential tissue damage are transmitted through peripheral and central nervous systems (Portenoy and Brennan, 1994). Stimulus begins in the detection of either mechanical, thermal or chemical changes in the pain receptors, also known as nociceptors, which is activated when the source is above the threshold of the person. The stimulus will then be transmitted along the spinal cord to the brain and in turn will trigger autonomic reaction of a subjective painful sensation (Clement, et al., 2000). Pain is necessary in recognition and diagnosis of health problems that may be acute or chronic. A cute and chronic pain differs in the onset and duration of painful sensation. Acute pain such as after surgery, trauma, and labour usually lasts for hours, days or weeks up to less than six months time. After the underlying cause is treated, the pain subsides along with the healing process of the illness. On the other hand, chronic pain are those experienced by the patients for months or even years where pain management has been less effective overtime (Definition and Types of Pain, 2012). There are three types of pain according to mechanism: nociceptive, neuropathic, and psychogenic. The first type, noriceptive pain, is primarily generated by pain receptors as previously discussed. Neuropathic pain involves potential damage in neurons or any part of the nervous system such as in cases of diabetic neuropathy and post-stroke pain. While psychogenic pain is associated with psychological disturbance occurring in anxious or depressed patients particularly those with chronic or terminal illnesses (Definition and Types of Pain, 2012). In this study, the acute type and noriceptive type of pain will be tackled as surgical pain falls into these categories. Neuropathic pain is further categorized into somatic and visceral where somatic pain is usually caused by integumentary, skeletal, and muscular injuries. Pain can be described as dull or aching in a localized area of the body. In cases that injury occurs in the skin or on tissues beneath, a sharper sensation of pain is usually experienced since nerve endings and pain receptors are rich in the integumentary system. The latter type, visceral pain, is initiated by injury of internal organs and are experienced as dull, stabbing or cramping sensation that is poorly localized (Janig, 1987). Surgical wounds can develop either or both depending on the part affected and the procedure done. Pain following a surgical procedure is expected especially in the invasive procedures where tissues and organs are damaged and repaired. S ince it is primarily subjective, proper assessment must be well utilized. For adult patient or those above eighteen years old, interview and physical assessment are the critical part of assessment. Since they are able to verbalize their feelings, specifications of pain can be fully described. The essential components of the interview are asking the patient of the following: (1) characteristic –

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Compare the significance, ritual use, or cultural function or purpose Essay

Compare the significance, ritual use, or cultural function or purpose - Essay Example er, the two are also different from the structure, in which ijele is huge with a diameter of 183 cm and height of 366 cm, and also it is colorful and a form of entertainment. In contrast, nkisi is rather small, scary and represents gloom as opposed to entertainment. In addition, nkisi comes in different physical appearance and is curved in the shape of a human being while ijele has only one physical structure or design. Stupa is a Buddhist monument in the form of a hemispherical structure used by Buddhist as a place of meditation. Stupa is used ritually by the Buddhist to represent the five elements of life, earth, air, water, fire and space (Mitra 102). Therefore, they are used to honor living, and also a symbol of enlightenment. Iwan is also a monument like Stupa, but it is Persian and the only remaining ancient structure of Ctesiphon located near the town of Salman Pak,  Iraq. Iwan is the largest built arch found in the modern world, and it is only one, but Stupa are built in many places, particular where Buddists dwell and differ in sizes and sometimes

Thursday, October 31, 2019

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Marketing - Essay Example This essay discusses that successful saturated penetration of a brand in the domestic market always motivates the brand to look forward to the international market. Current picture of global market shows two types of international expansion of successful domestic brands of any country in the World. Marketers from developed countries are looking forward to the emerging markets like India, China, South Korea, South Africa etc and seeking opportunities to expand their business operation there. Brands from emerging markets are trying to step forward to the developed countries like USA, Japan etc to start their business operation there. If we take the example of well known brands such as Samsung and LG, they started business in emerging market and successfully penetrated on the domestic market of South Korea and after that diversified globally in to the developed market like USA and as well as emerging markets like India and China. Indian successful brands like Tata, Bharti Airtel, Lenevo , and Kohinur have achieved some level of success in the global market specially developed markets. Globalisation of any country has opened the door for the domestic Players to diversify in the foreign market and welcome the foreign players to start operation in that country. Earlier, the production giants of developed countries started diversification in the emerging markets of developing countries for low-cost skilled labour, low operation cost, and enough resources i.e. raw materials. US companies like General Electric started operation in China and Coca-Cola started in India and they became successful in these emerging market. Similarly, the evidence of reverse case also there like Tata Steel diversified to Europe and acquired Corus, the so called leading steel giant (Breslin, 2003, p.13-18). Market Selection vs. Market Attractiveness There are plenty of theory and model to analyse the international market selection. Market attractiveness is a measurement scale which qualitative ly measures a market for the demand of a particular product or brand. It always catalyses the market selection process towards a global market. Mostly applicable and effective theory of market selection is PESTLE analysis. It says that business environment of any country depends upon its six major components. These are Political: It represents how the government represents the economy and a certain business i.e. the way of representing and the extent. Political factor of a country represented by certain areas like taxation policy, labour law, trade restrictions, tariffs and govt. stability. So, market attractiveness towards foreign investors will be high if the entire areas of political environment are business-friendly. Economical: Economical factors are influenced and comprised by the economy of a country, and the World economy. These

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Common Health Problems of Older Adults Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Common Health Problems of Older Adults - Essay Example To overcome these issues, achieve and maintain high wellness levels, health promotion and illness prevention measures must be practiced. This paper will discuss the health issues associated with older adults and the suggested ways of overcoming them. Although the human body’s minimum nutritional requirements are generally consistent through different ages, several exceptions exist. For example, a common problem among older adults arises from the disruption in the ability to absorb, use and store calcium, vitamins D, C and A (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2013). Therefore, their dietary intake should essentially accommodate that requirement. Because of their reduced activity and metabolic rate, body weight may increase, which necessitates the intake of less calories. All these dietary and nutritional needs must be balanced to avoid the risk of problems related to nutrition. This problem is highlighted by the fact that as one ages, the ability to consume necessary nutrients is negatively affected by the failing ability to taste and smell food, often leading to the loss of desire to eat. For example, older adults can consume excess sugar or salt with the possible risk of getting obese (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2013). This calls for their carers to introduce them to balanced diets and healthy selections of food such as substituting herbs and spices with season foods. Another significant dietary problem is caused by the loss of teeth or wrongly fitted dentures, which may be a result of yet another dietary issue arising from inadequate intake of calcium. This becomes a problem because the older adults will avoid foods they cannot chew, overlooking their nutritional values. Unless properly guided and supervised by carers, older adults will tend to consume softer foods that may contain more calories and less roughage such as mashed potatoes and ice cream. The

Sunday, October 27, 2019

The Functions Of Organizational Culture Commerce Essay

The Functions Of Organizational Culture Commerce Essay Culture is the soul to an enterprise, it is the essence of a successful business. So far, as the organizational culture develops, everyone has been universally recognized that its way of thinking and behaving shared by all members of the organization. Successful experience tells us, organizational culture is immortal pillars for the development of the organization, cultural development also has the potential force of cohesion, it brought not only a spirit to employees, but also inspire them a sense of pride and responsibility, cultivating the team work spirit of the organization, thus, to improve the overall effectiveness of the enterprise.(Pumpin, 1987) What is organizational culture Organizational culture is the sum of reflects that gradually formed in the production and management practices, agreed and complied with all staff, with the characteristics of the Organizations mission, vision, purpose, spirit, values and business philosophy, and the ideas in the production and management practices, management system, the behavior of employees with the external image. (Pumpin, 1987) In essence, organizational culture is a cultural phenomenon among the enterprises, its appearance is inseparable from the development of the theory and practice of modern enterprise, from the management perspective, organizational culture are the application management tools to achieve management objectives, therefore, organizational culture are not only a cultural phenomenon, but also has a connotation as a management tool. First, the organizational culture is led by a sense of enterprise management, the cultural patterns of pursuit and realization in a certain corporate purposes, from a certain sense, the organizational culture is a culture of enterprise management. Second, the organizational culture is a culture that have a common goal, group consciousness, and the suitable organizations and institutions. Third, the organizational culture is an economic culture. It is gradually formed in the operation of the production process and management activities by the enterprises and enterprise employees, leaving the economic activities of enterprises, it is impossible to have a organizational culture formation, not to mention a good one.(Miles and Snow, 1978) 2. The functions of organizational culture 2.1 The guiding function. Organizational culture can play a guiding role of value orientation and behavior orientation in enterprises and each member of them. This orientation is different from a traditional management which simply focus on the rigid discipline or system, it emphasizes to guide the behavior of members of the enterprise from the shaping organizational culture, to make people accept the common values in a cultural imperceptibly.(Barney, 1986) 2.2 The incentive function. Positive ideas and code of conduct can form a strong sense of mission and a sustained driving force. Positive organizational culture is a ruler of self-motivation to the employees, the ruler that they can contrast their own behavior, identify gaps, can generate the driving force for improving. In the same time, enterprises with shared values, beliefs and codes of conduct which can be a powerful spiritual pillar, can make a person generate a sense of identity, a sense of belonging and a sense of security, until play the role of mutual encouragement.(Deal and Kennedy, 1982) 2.3 The cohesion function The collective strength depends on the cohesion of the organization, the coordination of the organizations internal condition and ability to control. The cohesion of the organization, coordination and control can be generated by rigid connections like the system of discipline, but not as good as more effective by internal binder like shared values, beliefs, and codes of conduct.(Schwartz, and Davis, 1981) 2.4 The constraint function Excellent organizational culture have the binding effect on the thinking and behavior of each employee. After a long period of construction of organizational culture, formed written or convention rules and regulations, ethics and codes of conduct to regulate the behavior of employees, by this measure, it achieve the controling of thinking and behave of workers.(Cooke, 1987) Take the McDonald for example, McDonalds Quality, Service, Cleanliness, Value, it formed from the top to bottom of a company-wide to a high-spirited, energetic and promising enterprises mental outlook, the concept of health inspire and guide workers keep making progress. McDonald focus on meticulous management, cultivate awareness of staff to establish the details determine success or failure , to improve management efficiency through good detail, to build a strong team through good detail, use good details to regulate employee behavior, good restraints of organizational culture in the system can be fully demonstrated. McDonald also enhance their employees sense of belonging through methods such as uniform dress; strengthen employees collaborate awareness; care for each other, help each other; actively promote flexible management to encourages employees to breakthrough program of the work to form a flexible internal strengthen collaboration between employees. scientific management be ing taken to improve the sense of community of employees. The functions of organizational culture impact on management 3.1 The organizational culture is the basis of the Strategic Management, Strategic management is to determine its mission, according to the external environment and internal conditions to set the strategic objectives of the enterprise, in order to ensure the correct implementation of the goals and progress plan, and rely on internal capabilities implemented this kind of planning and decision-making, constraints in the implementation process of a dynamic management process. The organizational culture is the value orientation of the enterprise for a variety of internal and external affairs and resources, enterprises in the long-term organizational values, under the guidance of shared values, guiding principles and select corporate behavior. Excellent organizational culture is an important condition for business strategy development and success. It can highlight the characteristics of enterprises, the formation of the common values of the members of the enterprise, also because of its d istinctive personality, more conducive to enterprise to develop a distinctive strategy of defeating the enemy. Strategy formulation process of collective behavior, establish above the values and beliefs of the organization members.(Hampden-Turner, 1990) Based on the wishes of the members of organization, the guidance from particular culture, to develop corporate strategy around the organizational culture. Therefore, the organizational culture is the basis of corporate strategic planning, development and implementation. 3.2 The relevance of the organizational culture and strategic management In order to maintain the organizational culture and strategic management of mutual synergy, the need for a comprehensive understanding of the positive and negative effect on the strategic management of cultural enterprises to analysis out how to change the organizational strategy culture. (Islam and Zyphur, 2009) 3.2.1 The positive role of the organizational culture on strategic management 3.2.1.1Corporate mission and values are important factors for an enterprise culture, so that employees can identify with the organizations business philosophy and creed. The formulation of corporate strategy is bound to affected by a mission. The corporate mission defines the scope and level of the enterprises operating in the field of socio-economic activities, represents the corporate identity and role in the socio-economic activities. The core corporate values of the organizational culture guide the enterprises own strategy development to built on the basis of the values required of following the market and the enterprises own progress. When employees were able to agree with the companys values, you would think that the efforts they made for the enterprise role, valuable sense of collective identity value will give employees greater satisfaction, and this sense of satisfaction in turn will more promote the dedication of the staff of the enterprise.(Halpin Croft, 1963) 3.2.1.2 Culture played a stable role of organization in corporate strategy design, implementation. It guides and shapes the attitude and behavior of employees, make the employees to accept corporate norms and canonical role of restraint mechanisms, and the guidance play the role of restraint mechanisms to encourage their employees to achieve the behavior that enterprises expect. In the perspective of time corporate strategic constraints can be divided into prior constraints, afterwards constraints and any time constraints. Prior constraints requires to design a good valid strategic plan before the implementation of the it, however, it must be designed harmony with the organizational culture, if there is the deviation between the two, the organizational culture will play its regulatory role for the prior constraints goes smoothly. Organizational culture play its strategic constraintsis more significantly embodied in the adjustment of afterwards constraints. It is based on the spirit o f enterprise, to fully exploit the employees of self-restraint and self-regulation, use of a humane way to adjust, thus it can greatly reducing friction and communication costs of personnel in the process of implementation of the strategy, in order to promote the implementation of the strategy within the enterprise. 3.2.1.3 Organizational culture as a driving force of the strategy and continuously improve business performance, profitability and productivity, it become a powerful internal driving force. Culture enables members to understand the historical tradition and the present approach to business, provided to the staff a reasonable explanation for the events of the past of the enterprise, thus to facilitate the employees to understand their proper representation in the future in the similar incidents. This kind of non-institutional factors will enable more humane management to constrain the opportunistic behavior of managers and employees, thus promoting the effective implementation of the corporate strategy.(Hofstede, 1991) 3.2.2 The negative role of the organizational culture on strategic management 3.2.2.1 Due to cultural difference between the various levels of the organization, when the overall strategy reached out the various departments, they have varying degrees of conflict and contradiction, the contradiction of this conflict will reduce the degree of integration of the entire department and hinder the corporate strategy implementation. However, due to the enterprise implement this kind of division of work, it will lead to a split and the formation of the sub-culture of organizational culture. Strategic management of the enterprise is to unify to form a unified concept of progress of the internal culture, it needs to coordinate the various departments grading, but this requires enterprises to pay the considerable cost, but also need to do ideological adjustment for the department have a propensity of conflict.(Kotter, 1992) 3.2.2.2 The existing organizational culture has been difficult to adapt to the progress of modern society and the enterprise. In order to adapt better to the external environment, to implement the new strategy, many enterprises began to change the organizational culture that are existing. The original culture has been deeply rooted within the enterprise, with the sudden shift, there will be great progress resistance.(Kotter, 1992) 3.2.2.3 People employed in the enterprise have the different cultural background, there is a significant difference between them. The companies believe that this can boost the organization to achieve enterprise multifaceted progress. Employees bear a strong organizational culture will naturally accept this culture, behavior consistent with its own characteristics will not be reflected in order to lead to the formation of a single environmental systems, lack of constructive sounds and opinion, the employees will not spend more time to update and improve the internal management of the enterprise, no innovative force at all.(RSA 1995) Take Apple Inc. as the example, first, the business guiding ideology inadaptability lead to strategic mistakes. Apple does not like to hear someone accusations that he is wrong, and hope that regardless of their own employees, or the hot suitors of the outside world can stand together with his firmly. With the culture of to go it alone will inevitably lead to the companys operating guiding ideology to a product-oriented, which leads the direction of the company and the market demand is difficult to coordinate. Secondly, Lack of coordination within the organization, and inconsistent. Leadership is one thing to develop workflow and truthfully feedback process of the team is another matter entirely. Former Apple designer Andrew Poirot Minkowski, (Andrew Borovsky) said: from the design, each of the underlying designers is extremely difficult to get direct feedback from the executives. Typically, if you are not receiving a positive reply, then it is told you to stop doing stupid things. Third, over-reliance on individual heroes, serious personality cult. Apple has a unique program, that is to cultivate a person whether he is competent, supervisor, or a common staff on behalf of Steve Jobs eligibility. Steve Jobs is a dictator of the company, all of the key decision-making as well as a lot of seemingly inconsequential decisions are made by him. These decisions include how to design the route of shuttle for employees in San Francisco city, what kind of food served in cafeteria. However, as Jobs can insight into the companys all move, he has not see if he is not sitting in the CEOchair, the situation will be very different. 3.3 Changes of organizational culture in the strategic management Re-examine and make appropriate modifications and adjustment to the original values of the organization. Because strategic change and implementation will eventually be implemented into every employees action, so to promote the people of organization to have the idea of change, innovation to the current values, in order to match the new framework for the implementation of the strategy is the value basis whether strategy can be implemented. Second, the culture of innovation concept, allow employees to take the initiative to participate in the innovation. And discuss with the staff of the strategic implementation plan, establish them a clear understanding of the external and internal environment changes, inform the role of that can be brought with the concept of change to the employees, and strengthen the implementation of the identity of the employees on the strategic management. Lastly, establish feedback and timely adjustment mechanism in the organization to allowed full communicatio n of the cultural contradictions.(Schein, 1985) If there is no fast and efficient information system to accept and feedback, no effective coordination and monitoring system for the overall situation, then the implementation of strategic management of the enterprise is bound have actual deviation because of lack of timely and correct information feedback, making the entire implementation process cannot be constrained effectively, then, affect the final implementation, failed to achieve the established strategic objectives. Correctly understand and grasp the the complementary dialectical contact between corporate strategy and organizational culture can help to improve the overall quality and competitiveness of enterprises, promote enterprise taking quality, rapidly, sustained and healthy progress. Conclusion The role of the organizational culture in the corporate management is to manage strictly, focusing on the incentive to cultivate employees sense of responsibility and solidarity, like the physical form of the product, as it is perceivable, organizational culture cohesive people internally, improve operations externally, also strengthen the management, make the vitality of enterprises to develop and create a strong competitive. Ancient and modern history shows that the closed culture inevitably lead to stagnation and degradation of the society, open culture will inevitably lead to the prosperity of society and evolution, it is the same for companies, so to strengthen the integration of the organizational culture is the right choice for corporate survival and sustainable development. In the management applications of the organizational culture, people-oriented is most able to attract talent, now, many businesses and entrepreneurs advertised himself as a people-oriented. However, in the enterprise management system, the leadership style of the business owners in the allocation of the enterprise, the basic living and working conditions of the workers, and so on are not the slightest reflects of the attitude of true respect to talents, to employees, then people-oriented is illusory. In the market economy, if the businesses want to be invincible, business leaders must fully understand and know the advantages and shortcomings of the enterprise. To prevent and overcome their own shortcomings in order to cope in a market economy. Operations are art , management are science, and the system is the guarantee, talent is fundamental. Grasp a good business operation, management, system, talent, then the company could hopely have a healthy development, also could truly establish their own organizational culture.

Friday, October 25, 2019

Analysis of A Description of New England by John Smith Essay -- John S

Analysis of A Description of New England by John Smith The author John Smith, a pilgrim who arrived to the Americas, wrote a description of the new land in his book â€Å" A Description of New England †. In this book Smith shows a wonderful world of vast food and pleasure. Also, William Bradford another pilgrim who arrived to Plymouth on the coast of Massachusetts, wrote a book called â€Å" Of Plymouth Plantation † in which he describes what really happened, how the pilgrims actually lived. The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast both authors and their books. John Smith wrote about the wonderful place the New World was, on the other hand, William Bradford wrote about the realities and difficulties of the New World. In â€Å" A Description of New England †, Smith starts by describing the pleasure and content that risking your life for getting your own piece of land brings to men. On the other hand, Bradford reminds us how harsh and difficult the trip to the New World was for the p...

Thursday, October 24, 2019

An Interview with a homeless

After watching the film, â€Å"The Pursuit of Happyness† which starred Will Smith, one of the salient scenes that the researcher personally find strikingly disheartening is the part when Will Smith and his son struggled to joined a queue of destitute for an overnight stay on a welfare home.The number of homeless is too many for the welfare shelters to accommodate.   In the homeless population data from AHAR in 2008, 41% of white Americans, 12.3% of African Americans and 12.5% of Hispanic Americans respectively are homeless, which only proves how rampant homelessness in our nation.(US Human Rights Network Housing Caucus, 2008) It is quite ironic that homelessness is one of the pressing problems that the US faces despite being the most dominant country politically and economically in the world.While the film directly attributed homelessness to poverty i.e. Smith’s inadequate earnings, this stark reality is just a tip of the iceberg considering the vast economic opportun ities that the US provides precisely why it was dubbed the land of milk and honey.To learn more about the causes of homelessness, the researcher conducted an informal interview with a homeless woman who was randomly selected in a welfare shelter. This led to one’s discovery that homeless is not simply a result of poverty, but consequence of some socio psychological imbalances and problems that emanate from one’s family.Interview Results and AnalysisThe interviewee was an African American with two children.   She has no idea where his eldest son is at the moment.   She was not able to finish secondary school because she got pregnant early.   Her father was a drunkard who always beats them up at home.   Her mother left them for another man.She decided to leave their home by getting pregnant. Unfortunately, she also met the wrong man who only perpetuated her agony in life.   He was an ex convict who find it hard to get a real job.She stayed with her live in part ner for a year but decided to leave again as he started to get back to his monkey business.   She left her son. After seven years, she got pregnant again but has no idea who the father was because she worked as a hooker.Her 9 year old daughter stays in a foster home.   She said that there were moments in her life when she had nervous breakdowns and at one point even tried to commit suicide.   The interview was long and very emotional.   In a nutshell, the homeless woman lived a difficult and miserable life.Following a Symbolic Inter-actionist Perspective, homelessness is a symptom of a deeper problem that roots from the most basic social institution, the family.   In this short interview with a homeless woman, it must be noted that she didn’t come from a homeless family.It was homeless in the sense that it lacked the love and care needed to properly shape and guide children towards a pleasant outlook in life.   Poverty also played a critical factor in the intervie wee’s circumstances because poverty is more inclined to difficulties in relationships and family violence because it shapes circumstances that lead to the same such as lack of education and depression.ConclusionHomelessness is more than just a consequence of poverty or one’s inability to purchase a home.   It is rooted from some psychological disturbance brought about by a history of significant emotional difficulties, difficulties in relationships, and family violence, etc.This in turn inculcates the attitudes and psychological predilection to stay poor and homeless including a sense of helplessness to change one’s economic condition, psychological stability and homelessness.ReferenceUS Human Rights Network Housing Caucus (2008). Homelessness and Affordable Housing.   Response to the Periodic Report of the United States to the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. Retrieved from:http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/docs/ ngos/usa/USHRN28.doc

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Internet Management

Internet Corporation for Assigned names and Numbers (ICANN) is the non-governmental organization that is primarily responsible for making key technical decisions related to the internet. Â  ICANN was established in 1998 in California, United States.Previously, it was Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), run by US government, which performed these tasks(ICANN,n.d.).ccording to the Joint project agreement between US government and ICANN, the responsibilities of ICANN are to ensure transparency and accountability in matters related to technical coordination of internet addresses, security of root name servers, and taking part in Government Advisory Committee.For public, what it essentially does is that it takes appropriate steps to coordinate unique addresses of websites. Control of content on internet, stopping of spam, and access to internet do not come under its responsibilities(ICANN,n.d.).2. Why is this organization so controversial?Ever since the IANA’s tasks were t ransferred to ICANN, the controversy over its workings began. Â  ICANN is mainly criticized for its unaccountability and secretive workings. It is not subject to the kind of accountability that other non- governmental organizations are. Some critics also argue that ICANN has disempowered its employees to challenge it workings through California’s laws(ICANN,n.d.).In the beginning years, directors were appointed after a community of internet users voted them to positions. But after sometime, that rule was eliminated and now the directors are not appointed through a democratic process. ICANN defended itself by saying that they were restructuring themselves to come up to the expectations of modern internet. But, critics do not agree. So till this day, ICANN is an organization which is subject to minimal accountability.It is also being criticized for not letting governments, United Nations, and International Telecommunication Union to exercise appropriate level of power.3. What are one or two recent decisions this organization has recently come under criticism for?On 25th June, ICANN introduced new rules with regard to website domains. Previously, a website owner could get a website that ended in .com, .org etc. But, now they have more choice. They can buy an address which can end in any way such as, .khi, .apple etc. Â  Many people have criticized this move because they believe that there is no need for more competition in this market. Some also contend that there is no demand for additional domains.Another major concern regarding this program is the high cost of getting a gTLD. According to ITworld.com, ICANN hopes to get $185,000 from organizations for gTLD and an additional $75,000 per year more to keep it. So, the cost is enormous. Governments of Paris and New York, who plan to get the new gTLD, also say that the cost of getting a new gTLD is way too high (ICANN,n.d.).4. Why do you think so many people generally are unaware about who controls the int ernet?One simple reason for people not being aware of who controls internet is that people are not interested to know about it. Many of the ordinary web surfers are mainly concerned with visiting their favorite websites and not with knowing about the controllers of internet.Although owners of the website buy domains for themselves yet they do not know about who controls internet. One reason for this can be that many owners of websites are part- timers. So, they do not have enough time to consider these matters.