Italian Renaissance Analysis Essay Example For Students

Italian Renaissance Analysis Essay Italian Renaissance As the fourteenth century guided out the Middle Ages in Italy, another time of social blossoming started, known as the Renaissance. This period in history was celebrated for its recovery of traditional subjects and the converging of these topics with the Catholic Church. These topics of humanism, naturalism, independence, style, and learning and reason showed up in each part of the Italian Renaissance, most especially in its specialty. Humanism can be characterized as the possibility that individuals are the essential proportion of everything Fleming, 29. Renaissance craftsmanship indicated a reestablished enthusiasm for man who was portrayed in Renaissance workmanship as the focal point of the world. Pico della Mirandola said that, there is not something to be seen more magnificent than man. Fleming, 284 This could nearly be taken as a witticism for Renaissance craftsmanship. Michelangelos David obviously bolsters Mirandolas explanation. Since Renaissance craftsmanship concentrated on speaking to unmistakable, human figures, instead of portraying scenes from the Bible so as to commend God, the craftsmen needed to think in increasingly common, logical terms. Craftsmen got comfortable with science and the idea of room, just as life structures. Lorenzo Ghiberti examined the anatomical extents of the body, Filippo Brunelleschi was keen on arithmetic in design, Leone Battista Alberti, who was gifted in painting, figure and engineering, focused on the investigation of science as the fundamental standard of expressions of the human experience Fleming, 285. Leonardo likewise took a gander at the geometric extents of the human body Calder, 197. In painting, yet particularly in mold, craftsmen were enlivened to communicate the auxiliary types of the body underneath its outer appearance. Their anatomical examinations opened the route to the demonstrating and the developments of the human body. In painting, naturalism implied an increasingly reasonable portrayal of regular articles. In Fra Angelicos Annunciation, he shows a precise multiplication of Tuscan natural science Wallace, 237. Additionally, the idea of room was significant. In painting, figures were put in a progressively typical relationship to the space they involved. Human figures would in general become progressively close to home and person. Three away from of that are Donatellos David, and Leonardos Mona Lisa and Last Supper, in which the twelve unique articulations of the missionaries were appeared. Each sculpture, each representation was a distinctive individual who established a significant connection. Mary and the blessed messenger Gabriel turned out to be human in Fra Angelicos Madonna Wallace, 45. In any event, when put in a gathering, each individual figure stood apart independently, as in Boticellis Adoration of the Magi. One type of craftsmanship speaking to the individual was the picture. Affluent families and people authorized specialists to make sculptures and artworks. High respect for singular character is exhibited in the number and nature of pictures painted right now Flemming, 286. Italian Renaissance humanism were propelled by a rediscovery of the estimations of Greco-Roman development. A case of engineering recovery is Bramantes Tempietto, a little sanctuary manufactured where St. Dwindle is said to have been killed. Bramante later got an opportunity to expand on an a lot more noteworthy scale: St. Subsides Basilica. Plainly utilizing traditional human advancements as his model Bramante said of St. Dwindles, I will put the Pantheon on the Basilica of Constantine. Flemming, 309-310 Other designers returned to the focal kind houses of worship displayed on the Pantheon, instead of the rectangular basilica that had advanced throughout the hundreds of years. They resuscitated traditional requests and outlines. Enhancing themes were inferred straightforwardly structure old sacophagi, reliefs, and cut diamonds. Stone carvers returned to the potential outcomes of the naked. Painters, nonetheless, didnt have the old style references that artists had, so they utilized fanciful subjects. With the entirety of the considering and learning of workmanship in the Renaissance, it would be of little miracle that the subject of a portion of the craftsmanship was learning itself. .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338 , .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338 .postImageUrl , .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338 , .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338:hover , .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338:visited , .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338:active { border:0!important; } .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338:active , .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338:hover { obscurity: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enhancement: underline; } .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-adornment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ub8ecbd506e 6991c9a3048f4a48940338 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ub8ecbd506e6991c9a3048f4a48940338:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: The Renaissance and the Harlem Renassance EssayThe most renowned case of this is Raphaels School of Athens. Raphael, alongside Michelangelo, was put in the painting among the positions of craftsman researchers. As individuals from a philosophical hover goal on accommodating the perspectives on Plato and Aristotle, Raphael and his companions contemplated that Plato and Aristotle were stating something very similar in various words. The two rationalists were set on either side of the focal. On Platos side, there was a sculpture of Apollo, the lord of verse. On Aristotles side there was one of Athena, goddess of reason. Spreading outward on either side were bunches relating to the different ways of thinking inside the two significant divisions Barrett, 87. Regardless of what subject of the Italian Renaissance is named, there is in every case some case of a comparing craftsmanship indication of it. For humanism it was David, for naturalism it was Annunciation, for independence, it was The Last Supper, for style, it was St. Subsides Basilica, and for learning and reason, it was The School of Athens. It was these topics, which commanded each other part of the Renaissance, that ruled the masterful viewpoint.

Mechanical Engineer free essay sample

Mechanical Engineering is perhaps the best field of the designing range. Other designing callings incorporate electrical building, structural designing, and auxiliary building among others. Mechanical designing is seen as the most intriguing of the vocations accessible building callings since it influences all parts of exercises completed by people like wellbeing, relaxation, instruction and work. It constantly engaged with so much fields as production and structure of practically everything that incorporate PCs, WebPages, microchips, motorways and as though that isn't sufficient, vehicles are additionally planned by mechanical designers. The establishment of a mechanical building profession is framed by one drawing in him/herself in rehearsing and instructing him/herself in mechanics, arithmetic, plan, vitality and warmth. Mechanics ought to incorporate liquid mechanics for still water and even examination of superheated gases that stream in space vehicles. One should give it need to be prepared in mechanical building calling on the grounds that mechanical designing is perhaps the broadest field among the different building callings one can take. We will compose a custom paper test on Mechanical Engineer or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In this manner one ought to think about going to the most excellent preparing school or college to accomplish my long lasting anticipated dream and furthermore to accomplish a wide pool of information in the field. One should know that the principles of training required for an individual wishing to take a vocation in mechanical designing have been modified upwards with the goal that simply the best people just accomplish this calling. One should taken it upon him/herself to perform well in school and go with excellent evaluations so he/she can get a spot in perhaps the best school offering this expert preparing. Nearly in each region of industry, there are employments for mechanical architects. Later on, the open doors that open up incorporate getting oneself in explore, fabricate, structure, the executives, promoting and improvement. These territories are seen as regular in all organizations on the planet. One ought to likewise think of it as a need to continually update, improve and ven create hardware. At the point when I get a new line of work in this field, one should be committed to all the obligations appointed and even complete more research work so as to accomplish the best and be the best specialist ever. Since there are numerous colleges offering degrees in the mechanical designing field, this implies there are likewise numerous courses in the field. This calls for one to check the outlines of these col leges before applying for this course. He/she should initially guarantee that the degree will be licensed and perceived by the foundation of specialists. One will from that point take four years and this should lead him/her to MEng capability. This will make the mechanical specialist to be perceived as an alumni engineer. He/she will from that point take one year in the field accomplishing handy work understanding while still in school. In order to accomplish Initial Professional Development (IPD), from that point forward, one should go through in any event four years in order to increase affirmed work understanding in the wake of graduating. This will clear path for him/her to be gabbed. The first pulling in highlight to this profession is the information with which one consolidates to fit the bill for it. British blokes state that information is power. One needs by and by, to be set up to address this difficulty. He will take as much time as is needed and devote it well in order to accomplish it. The profession keeps one youthful and illuminated consistently. He goes about as a wellspring of information that lights the word and makes it a superior spot. Another inspiring variable for an individual to live trying to be a mechanical specialist is the compensation bundle that accompanies it. It is so promising and truly empowers one to live cheerfully and get the opportunity to appreciate the products of his past speculation. The guardians feel great of their kid having flourished in the designing field as he/she can bolster them when they become old. The other drawing in include is that there are numerous chances to develop in the mechanical building field. With time, one may need to advance my instruction. There are additionally open doors for these. One can do aces and even PhD in mechanical building to turn into a rousing device for forthcoming mechanical designers. Expertly, a mechanical architect will acknowledge in an incentive with time due to the experience he/she has. Inside an extremely brief timeframe, the benefit of employing an architect can significantly increase on the grounds that the experience he/she has combined with innovative advances, will make a mechanical designer to be an important resource that no organization might want to free. What happens then is the addition in installment in order to hold this enormous resource. Joseph (1986) hypothesizes that later on, to guarantee that a mechanical architect is at standard with the changing universe of building, he/she should make arrangements to partake in gatherings sorted out by mechanical designers in order to stay in contact with the evolving scene. The architect will consistently audit my aptitudes and add new innovation to it through understanding diaries and in any event, taking more courses so as to cover more zones of the mechanical building vocation. As a rundown, mechanical building is viewed as the starting point of all the designing callings on the planet. For instance, for a structural designer to develop a street, he/she will require land movers, that are essentially planned and produced by a mechanical architect. For an auxiliary specialist to construct an elevated structure, he/she needs to counsel a mechanical designer for pulleys and plan of plumbing administrations. For an electrical designer to fix and keep up a workstation, he needs apparatuses that most probable structured and produced by a mechanical specialist. In this manner considering all these, mechanical building is viewed as the foundation of all the designing fields known to man and this ought to be a rule to urge on to take a profession in mechanical building.

The Role of National Organization for Women

The Role of National Organization for Women NOW is the abbreviation that stands for the National Organization for Women. The national organization definition was created in 1966 by a group of women that were against discrimination. There are about 500,00 active members in the USA and this is the biggest organization in the country. The purpose of founding this organization was to achieve the equality for all the women. Equal partnership with men is the goal that the organization has been going to since the date of its foundation. Thanks to the active steps of this organization, more and more women have the right to build up a career in any field, run business, defeat any kind of physical abuse and much more. More and more women become delighted by hard work of all the participants of NOW and its contributors. They start a new life that has no boundaries for the only reason of being a female. The contribution to the psychological state of women in the US is valuable. NOW history and recollections A group of 28 women went to the National Conference of the Commission of Women in 1966. New womens rights organizations were founded there. The fact of discrimination in all fields of life was proved. That was the turning point in the history of the whole population of the US. That day became the official manifestation of the beginning of a new era in the relationships between people in all spheres of life. The national organization list of actions included: Opportunities for education; Opportunities for a political career; Opportunity to be respected in any sphere. That was just the beginning. The influence of the organization was growing every year. They have organized dozens of public meeting with women to motivate them and prove that their lives can become much better. The biggest march in the 90s gathered over 100,000 people. 2004 shocked all the globe by a fantastic march that gathered 1.15 million people that came there with only one goal to advocate for the reproductive health options of women. The role of NOW health A National Organization of Women has a fantastic influence on the role of woman in a modern society. The major priorities of the organization follow the needs and the rights of all the women no matter where they live and work. Women feel supported and they know that they have the right to live the life they are dreaming about without any fear to be judged by men or anyone else. Some decades ago, we heard a lot about violence regarding women and it was treated as a norm. It’s hard to believe that a loving husband could hurt a helpless woman during many years of living in one apartment. And now any woman can stand up and get help and support if needed. No abuse is ever allowed. Thanks to Gloria Steinem definition, women know that they deserve to be respected by the society no matter what. 1967 was the year when the abortion was named as legal. It was another turning point when women stopped being afraid for their lives and the lives of their children. Every woman received the right to go to the clinic or hospital and get the services that she wants without being blamed for anything. There was a Project Stand Up for Women that was created by the NOW that was using a strategy to defend the rights of women in this case. National Organization for Womens definition There are a lot of women that are not employed and there was a much bigger number of such women fifty or seventy years ago. The attitude to them was different in the past. A woman that took care of a baby wasn’t concerned as a working woman. You could probably hear the phrase that every mother is a working mother. It became popular thanks to the hard work of NOW. Nowadays, every mother that takes care of kids is considered to be working at home. It seems obvious now that a woman is working hard to take care of everything if she’s a housewife. She deserves respect from the society as she plays a great role in her family. It was very hard for the feminist majority foundation to make men believe that their wives deserve love and care as well as respect and equal right in any sphere of life. Those days are left for national organization for women apush exam and we can say thank you to NOW for doing a great job. A woman’s appearance One of one more great results of the work of NOW is establishing a Women’s Health Project that had an aim to teach women to love their bodies and soles. Love Your Body Day was first launched in 1998 where all the women were agitated to stop suffering and start living themselves. The human’s appearance shouldn’t influence life and career anyhow. This day has been very special for all the women since that year. This day is a manifestation of the right of women to look like they want and not like someone wants them to look like. Girls of middle school, high school, and other women received much help and support on this day that helped them to get much more self-confidence and self-respect. There’s no need to look like a top model and suffer from being different. It’s hard to imagine how women suffered from weird comparisons some decades ago. hat is a National Organization for Women? National Organization for Women was created by a group of 28 women that wanted to change the world and they did it successfully. We cannot undervalue the role of this organization when if we look around and see that women can be not only house wives but also managers and founders of large corporations. The information about the national organization for women should be spread around the globe to let all women choose their way in life.

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What is Religion - 2214 Words

Religion comes from the Latin word religare which means to â€Å"to tie, to bind.† It is a belief in something sacred which binds a number of people together based on a common purpose. Religion is just not an organization but it is also a platform of seeing the world. It is like a prism which shows different light to different people. India is a country where people of different religion has come and has settled down. There are the fire worshipping Hindus, the Kitabia Muslims and Christians, the minority like Arya Samaj, Sikhs, Judaist, Jains, and Buddhists etc all living under the same nationality. In India all these religions are given the equal weightage and no discrimination is done on the basis of such belief. India is a secular state with many different religions living for ages. According to the 2001 Census of India, 80.5 percent of the total population is Hindu while Muslims account for 13.4 percent and Christians 2.3 percent. The country also has Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, and Jewish communities as smaller minorities. Even before secular word was inserted in preamble in 1976, Supreme Court already has observed that secularism was one of the basic features of Indian Constitution. In Kesavanada Bharti case and Indira V Rajnarain case the State shall not discriminate against any citizen on the ground of religion only and that the State shall have no religion of its own and all persons shall be equally entitled to the freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess,Show MoreRelatedReligion : What Is Religion?2567 Words   |  11 PagesWhat is religion? Remember to advance a claim, make an argument, and support that argument with evidence from our readings. A Way of progress/life goal Primal Religions= Confucianism= To become a Chun Tzu Taoism= To follow the Way and attain or maintain te. ‘‘two great sanctions: the moral requirements visible in nature and the inner conviction of what is right and wrong The eastern religions of Taoism and Confucianism, as well as, the primal religions discussed by Smith are far differentRead MoreReligion : What Is It?902 Words   |  4 PagesReligion: What is it? There are many different religions that people believe in today. When I think of religion I think of a group of people who believe in a god or gods that created the world and determine your faith. There are different forms of theist religions, some of these religions believe in many gods and some only believe in one. That to me was the main part about being religious, is that you had to believe in a god. I never believed or knew that religions could be non-theistic, so I alwaysRead MoreWhat is Religion?1045 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is Religion? Religion has many meanings; a way of life, belief, and practices. In America people have different views on religion; it was indicated in the constitution. What is the constitution? The constitution is set of laws approved by the state. Religion and constitution are separate. As stated in the constitution of the United State of America, the first amendment, â€Å"congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion.† I n other words the constitution and religion are notRead MoreWhat Is A Religion?1317 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is a religion? A religion is a set of beliefs based on a common principle shared by a community. Some of the most famous religions are Christianity, Buddhism, and Judaism. The goal of Christianity is to be one with God. Key Christianity practices include Sunday service, reading bible, praying regularly, and pilgrimages to hold the community together and have a strong relationship with God. Christians also have a strong devotion to saints. In Buddhism, people practice detachment from everythingRead MoreWhat Is Religion1838 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is Religion? Is religion a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny or is it a system of symbols, myths, doctrines, ethics and rituals for the expression of ultimate relevance (Carmody, 2008). Religion is the human quest for experience of, and response to the holy or sacred and a combination of all individuals desire to attain the promise of a better life than that here on earth, human spirituality. Religion is the voluntary subjection of oneself to God (CatholicRead MoreWhat Is a Religion?585 Words   |  2 Pages A religion is a system of beliefs, collective ideas, traditions, and rituals that serve the purpose of gathering, unifying, educating, and enlightening a group of people by influencing and guiding their insights, thoughts, and ways of life. Religion has been highly influential through the course of human history as a source of influence. A large proportion of people in the world today believe in a religion. Religion is most like a system, or collective structure designed to encourage beliefsRead MoreCulture And Religion : What Is Religion?1758 Words   |  8 PagesCulture and Religion What is Culture? What is Religion? Which predates the other? Are they different from another? Is one a byproduct of another? Or are they one in the same? These fundamental questions will dictate whether people and their beliefs make up the interpretation of their environment or have definitive proof beyond that of a theory, substantiating Religion not just as a social construct of culture, but an absolute for acknowledgement and submission of an individual and more importantlyRead MoreWhat Is Religion? Essay1614 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is religion? Each person’s definition of religion is different. Each person’s faith is different. This is a question that has been asked for centuries, and regardless of the answer given there is no right or wrong answer. Religion can be defined as a group of people who have shared beliefs who feel their life has purpose or meaning. This feeling or belief that their life has meaning can come from outside of themselves, as well as within. Taking this one step further, these shared beliefsRead MoreWhat Makes A Religion?946 Words   |  4 Pagesare the same. What makes us so similar? Is it that rhythm in our chest? Is it out compassion and love for one another? Is it the desire to create art and feel inspiration? I believe religion is the key to all of these. Even if one don’t follow a religion, they can still admit that there is something spiritual about the likeness of each living, individual soul. Like humans, religions are also vastly similar at their core. Yes, they have many many different qualities and beliefs, but what you look atRead More What Is Religion Essay1653 Words   |  7 Pages What Is Religion nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;What is religion? According to an Oxford dictionary, religion is the belief in the existence of a supernatural ruling power, the creator and controller of the universe, who has given to man a spirtual nature which continues to exist after the death of the body. Religion appears to be a simple idea on the surface, but in reality it is a very complex system of ideas that many base their lives upon. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are many religions

Acts of congress summary Free Essays

Politics First Chapter Nine continues with an examination of Barney Frank, the Democrat who served as the senior leader of the House Financial Services Committee that was responsible with researching, marking up, rewriting, and passing proposed legislation that would prohibit another financial crisis from developing in the future. However, while waiting for the release the administration’s white paper, which helped inform and educate members of Congress about White House proposals, Frank found himself in the midst of a potential political rebellion from in Congress, nd even from within his own party. Many moderates balked at Franks more aggressive reform proposals, while liberals found it treasonous that he was collaborating with banks, the very institutions that they held responsible for the onset of the financial crisis and the beneficiaries of TARP†Troubled Asset Relief Program. We will write a custom essay sample on Acts of congress summary or any similar topic only for you Order Now One such critic was Senator Dick Durban, who rejected the idea ofa bank bail-out, and was disappointed that banks were still in a position to politic in Washington. Frank disagreed, asserting that the big banks were losing steam in Washington and the evidence was simple: they could not prohibit the passage of redit card legislation that protected consumers. In an effort to gain support and educate members of Congress, Franks staff put on a serious of workshops and work sessions for members. In addition to his efforts to placate liberals, Frank threw his support behind provisions that would ultimately become the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau†an idea first presented by Elizabeth Warren in an article for the journal Democracy. The legislation became important but the â€Å"blues and news,† the old and new moderate factions of the Democratic party of each party, were already rowning in health care legislation, breaking Franks declaration that the new legislation would pass before Congress’ summer vacation. Key Points/Details Big banks were largely to blame, but collateral damage of the bank fallout could be small banks and credit unions – The press was largely to blame, in Franks mind, for overstating the political clout that big banks and Wall Street had What would their influence be in the process of writing new legislation – Frank recruited the Democratic members of the House Committee on Financial Services (Banking Committee) who he held in highest esteem to work on issues for the reform bill – Frank favored three hallmarks for reform that might relieve liberals who were nervous that banks were not bearing the brunt of responsibility for the crisis o Credit card bill – more transparency from issuers of credit cards o Subprime mortgage bill – bill that banned many subprime mortgages and required that lenders would require companies to give stockholders a chance to give feedback about Though Frank had originally been hesitant to support such a executive pay – provision, White House backing, growing support from among popular and powerful Democrats (Clinton, Edwards, etc. polling numbers that seemed to indicate that the public favored it, and convincing arguments from Harvard law professor – and current US Senator from Massachusetts – Elizabeth Warren, persuaded Frank to throw his support behind the creation of a new regulatory agency (CFPA/b). Agency would regulate American financial firms and the services and products that they offer to the public – Independent agency under the Federal Reserve Board o Frank felt pressure from both sides – the administration as well as hesitant, moderate â€Å"news and blues† – of his own party Many were worried that supporting the creation of he agency would leave them vulnerable in upcoming elections in vulnerable districts o Proposed health care and â€Å"cap and trade† legislation distracted both Congress and the public – Frank began to recognize that he had to do more to reassure his colleagues that this agency was a good idea Worked to cajole them and gain their support o By the end of the chapter, Frank is convinced that he is right and that he will be able to get such legislation passed Terms: derivatives rating agencies systemic risk regulator subprime mortgages consumer protection â€Å"say on pay’ Elizabeth Warren Price gouging Payday lender Office of Legislative Council CFPA / CFPB Chapter 10 – An Impotent Minority Chapter 10 focuses on the struggles of Rep. Spencer Bachus (R-AL) and the rest of his party to reconcile their desire to reform the financial sector but not seem to bow to the desires of the Democrats. Rep. Bachus, a moderate Republican who before the crash had proposed legislation regulating subprime mortgages only to be rebuffed by his more conservative colleagues, favored bipartisan efforts. He was up against an increasingly conservative House Republican caucus, who were led by radicals who ere emboldened by redistricting in their states that left them with little need to proposal for financial reform, undercutting the release of the administration white paper by a week. This proposal overwhelmingly focused on the principle that they would not stand for future â€Å"bailouts† of the Wall Street institutions that were responsible for the financial crisis. Though the plan garnered little media attention, and did not include many of the provisions laid out in the White House bill, it did indicate that Congressional Republicans recognized the reality that comprehensive financial reform was necessary. TARP Republican Study Committee How to cite Acts of congress summary, Papers

Repressive Policies of India Essay Example

Repressive Policies of India Essay The British had conquered India to promote their own political interest so followed many repressive policies. These policies become major barrier to India’s development. Some of these policies, especially those followed by Lord Lytton gave birth to nationalism. Lord Lytton was Viceroy from 1876-1880. The resentment against the British rule increased because of repressive measures. 1. In 1877 he organised a Grand Delhi Durbar to proclaim Queen Victoria as the Empress of India. Indians were angry because Lakhs were spent for this when South India was suffering from famine.The British Government did not take proper steps to prevent deaths by disease and starvation. The worst feature of these famines was that they were human-made. In fact, famines meant big gains to the Government and the greedy business community. Foodgrains were hoarded and sold at prices which the poor could not afford. During natural calamities, the British rulers in India remained aloof, disinterested and unc oncerned. 2. In 1878 Lytton passed the Vernacular Press Act and the Indian Arms Act. The Vernacular Press Act –forbade vernacular newspapers from publishing any article that might incite the people against the British Government.This hurt the Indians as the press was considered their mouth-piece, through which they could air their grievances . This act was also known as the ‘gagging act’. This act did not apply to English newspapers . Lord Ripon repealed it in 1881. The Indian Arms Act /Licence Act 1878 made it a criminal offence for Indians to carry arms without a licence. This act was not applicable to British. 3. The maximum age limit for the I. C. S Exam was reduced from 21 to 19 years, thus making it impossible for Indians to pass the exam. 4. Lord Lytton abolished the import duties on Br.Textiles. This crippled the Indian textile industry. This policy aroused anger and lead to bitterness. People continued to criticize the British administration. 5. In 1880, Lord Ripon replaced Lord Lytton. He was sympathetic to the Indians. He stopped the Afghan War, and abolished the Arms Act and the Vernacular Press Act. To bring about judicial equality Sir C. P llbert, the law member of the viceroy’s council introduced the llbert Bill in 1883, Indians welcomed the bill but the British started a Defence Association to defend their privileges.The government ultimately withdrew the bill and enacted a more moderate measure which vested the power of trying Europeans to a Session Judge and a District Magistrate who might be an Indian. Lord Ripon became very unpopular among the British Officials in India and had to be replaced. This made the Indians realise that under the present set up, even when the Viceroy wanted to help the Indians, he could not. Thus, the only way to get justice would be to change the very set up of British authority in India. Secondly it also taught them a lesson that the British government could be pressurized by agitation a nd united efforts.People lost faith in the British sense of justice and fairplay. It also led to anger and bitterness. The impact of Western Education made the educated Indians realize to reform their religion and society . The result was birth of socio-religious reform movements. Prominent among these were 1) Brahmo Samaj founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy 2) Satya Shodak Samaj founded by Jyotiba Phule 3) Arya Samaj founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati 4) Ramakrishna Mission founded by Swami Vivekananda Raja Rammohan Roy was one of the greatest social and religious reformers of the 19th century.He wanted to do away with the religious evils which were prevalent in Bengal at that time. In 1828, he founded the Brahmo Sabha, which was later renamed,Brahmo Samaj. The Brahmo Samaj believed in Monotheism or Worship of one God. It condemned idol worship and laid emphasis on prayer, meditation, charity, mortality and strengthening the bonds of unity between men of all religions and creeds. He was against the rigidity of the caste system. He started a campaign for the abolition of sati and purdah system,condemned polygamy, discouraged child marriages and advocated widow marriage.It was because of the efforts made by Rammohan Roy that, William Bentinck, the Govenor-General of India, passed a law in 1821 making the practice of Sati illegal and punishable by law. He also protested against restrictions on the freedom of press. In the words of Rabindranath Tagore, ‘Raja Rammohan Roy inaugurated the modern age in India. He was the father of Indian Renaissance and the prophet of Indian Nationalism. Jyotiba Phule was an urban –educated member of low caste. His education and personal experiences has made him critical of Hindu religion and customs.In 1854, he established a school for untouchables and started a private orphanage for the widows. He wanted to liberate the depressed classes and make them aware of their rights by educating them. He founded the Satya Shodhak Sa maj in 1873 with the aim of securing social justice for the weaker sections of society. He pioneered the widow remarriage movement in Maharashtra and worked for the education of women. The socio-religious reform movements contributed to the onset of Indian Nationalism in the following ways: 1.Social and Religious movements worked for the abolition of caste system, child marriage, dowry system, purdah syste, sati, infanticide, polygamy. These movements fought for individual liberty and social equality. They promoted national feelings and prepared the ground for the National Movement in various ways. 2. Raja Rammohan preached equality and brotherhood. 3. Swami Vivekananda proclaimed the superiority of Indian Culture. 4. Swami Dayananda Saraswati raised the slogan ‘India for Indians’ and ‘Back to Vedas’ and made the Indians feel proud of their culture. 5. They condemned the caste system and untouchability.Thus the reformers promoted National Unity and National Pride. 6. They removed superstitions and blind faith which led to broadening of the outlook and infused patriotism. It created self respect and self confidence. 7. They taught the people not to ignore the importance of women, who could participate in The national movement. Rediscovering India’s Past Indians were treated by the British as uncivilized. People were considered not reformers were to rule themselves. This made the Indians lose confidence. Reformers like Raja Rammohan Roy tried to arose self-confidence and self-respect of the people.They pointed out the richness of Indian culture and the political achievements of Asoka, Chandragupta, Vikramaditya and Akbar were pointed out. These reformers were helped by European scholars like John Marshall, Alexander Cunningham, William Jones, Charles Wilkins and Max Muller. These scholars contributed to the rediscovery of India’s past in the following ways: 1. They studied Sanskrit, translated and published famous works of Sanskrit in foreign languages and focussed the attention of the Indians towards the rich heritage of their Sanskrit literature. 2.Sir William Jones founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal to encourage Oriental studies. This society translated many Indian classics into English and introduced the ancient Indian culture to the Western world. He studied Sanskrit, and published Institutes of India Law and Muhammedan Law of inheritance. He also translated the Mnusmriti and Kalidas’s Abhijnanashakuntalam. 3. Sir Charles Wilkins was the first European to translate the Bhagvad Gita into English. 4. Ma x Mueller translated Rigveda in English. He edited and published the sacred books of the East. (51 volumes) 5.James prince was the firse European scholar to decipher the edicts of Indian emperor, Ashoka. 6. James Princep and Alexander Cunningham rediscovered the greatness of the Mauryas, the imperial Guptas, the Chalukyas and the Pallavas. 7. Sir Alexander Cunningham, the first Director o f the Indian Archaelogical Survey, carried out many archaeological explorations among the ruins of northern India. He excavated at Sarnath, one of the most sacred Buddhist shrines and carefully prepared drawing of the sculptures. He excavated Sanchi, the site of some of the oldest surviving buildings in India. 8.Sir John Marshall, the Director General of Archaelogy in India tried to preserve ancient buildings and monuments all over India. Excavations at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro revealed an ancient civilization that flourished from about 2300 to 1700 BC covering Pakistan, India and Afghanistan. Thus, the rediscovery of India’s past helped – a) to restore people’s confidence and self- respect; and b) to counter the western propaganda that Indians had never been able to rule themselves and that they were destined to be ruled by foreigners. C) They helped to revive the rich cultural heritage of India.Western Education and the English Language The British wanted to t rain clerks and peons to work for them and wanted to win the goodwill of the educated Indians;therefore, they introduced western education through the medium of English. But it produced results quite contrary to their expectations. The introduction of western education promoted Nationalism in the following ways: 1. Indians learnt about the western world. They exposed people of modern ideas like equality, liberty and fraternity. 2. The slogan, ‘Equality, Liberty and Fraternity’, of the American and French Revolutions, impressed them. . They developed a rational, secular and national outlook. It widened their horizons. 4. With the help of common language the regional feelings began to disappear. 5. This language acted as a link language between the people living in various parts of the country. In a country of divere languages and dialects we could touch the people’s heart by using English which was only understood by educated people in those days. 6. This common l anguage gave them linguistic unity and it became easy to make a programme of India character. Development of India Press amp; National Literature:Many newspapers were published in the later half of 19th century such as the Amrit Bazar Patrika, the Bengali, The Tribune, the Stateman, and the Times of India, the Pioneer. 1. The Nationalist Press criticized the unjust policies of the British Government and spread national feelings. 2. It played a vital role in making the people aware of their political rights and building patriotic feelings. 3. It made possible to exchange the views and organize political movements. 4. It made the people aware of what is happening in the world. This helped them to shape their own policies and programmes.Literature in Indian languages, too, played a vital part in rousing the feelings of patriotism in India. Writers such as Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Rabindranath Tagore, Bharatendu Harishchandra, etc. Played an important role in promoting national consci ousness among the Indians and prepared them for the national struggle. Bankim Chandra’s famous book Anand Math, regarded as the Bible of modern patriotism, inspired young nationalists in India. (‘Bande Mataram’, the national song of India, was taken from this book. ) Transport and CommunicationThe need for economic exploitation, administrative convenience and military defence made the British to develop modern means of transportation. Work of roads was constructed, which linked one province to another. Besides encouraging trade and commerce, the introduction of railways, telephone, telegram and the buses proved to be a blessing in disguise. This however helped the Indians in creating nationalistic feelings. 1. It helped the Indians living in various parts of the country to communicate with each other, travel and exchange ideas, and plan a joint strategy. 2.Regional feelings began to disappear and made people feel like one helping in nationalism. This created a se nse of oneness and closeness. 3. It helped to build public opinion against the British on national basis. 4. Through the postal service people could share their views. 5. The transport and communication system knit the vast country and created a sense of oneness. 6. A uniform postage rate of half anna for inland letters and still cheaper rates for transmission of parcels and newspapers was introduced by Lord Dalhousie. Telegraph lines were laid connecting Kolkata with Peshawar, Mumbai and Chennai and other parts of the country.This brought abought a revolution in the sppedy transmission of messages and communications. It enabled the Indians to come in contact with one another and discuss the problems facing the country. Growth of Political associations: After 1858 many associations were started in different parts of India. These were forerunners of the Indian National Congress. 1. London Indian Society was formed in England in 1865 by Indian students under the leadership of Dadabhai Naoroji to voice Indian grievances and to oppose the misrepresentation of Indians in the English papers.Pherozeshah Mehta, Barrudin Tyabji, W. C. Bonnerjee and Manmohan Ghosh were important founder members. 2. East Indian Association founded in London in 1866 by Dadabhai Naoroji to enlighten Britishers and the Br Parliament about the true state of affairs in India. Dadabhai Naoroji believed that the British were basically just and fair but the British policy in India was unfair. The East India Co. Had branches in Mumbai, Calcutta and Madras. This association voiced the grievances of Indians and suggested remedial measures. 3.The Indian Association founded in 1876 by Surendranath Bannerjee. Its aims were; 1. To create public opinion. 2. To unite Indians for a common political cause . 3. To promote Hindu Muslim Unity. 4. To involve masses in public movements. The Indian Association protested against the repressive measures like the Arms Act, the Vernacular Press Act and the lowering of the age limit from 21 to 19 for the I. C. S Exam. It also took up the cause of the workers on the British – owned plantations. However the association failed to attain an all India character. . Indian National Conference est. In Calcutta in 1883 by Surendranath Bannerjee. It was a provincial Association, served as a model for Indian National Congress-merged with the Congress. Its aim was to work for the welfare of the Indians. 5. Formation of The Indian National Congress: Enlightened Indians like Dadabhai Naoroji, Surendranth Bannerjee, Pheroze Shah Mehta amp; others wanted to form an all-India political organization that would draw the government’s attention to the administrative drawbacks and suggest means to rectify them.A. O Hume, a retired British civil servant helped them . He wrote a letter to the Graduates of Calcutta University urging them to form an association that would work for the moral and material uplift of the people of India. In 1884 Hume and the I ndian leaders formed the Indian National Union. The First Session Representatives from different parts of India were to meet at Pune on Dec. 25, 1885 but plague broke out in Pune at that time. So the meeting of the Union was held in Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, Mumbai from Dec. 8 to 31st 1885 under the Presidentship of Women Chandra Bannerjee. It was attended by 72 delegates, including Dadabhai Naoroji, Pheroze Shah Mehta, Badruddin Tyabji, Subramania Iyer, and Justice Ranade. On Dadabhai Naoroji’s suggestion the name of the Union was changed to Indian National Congress. Thus the foundation of the Congress was laid on Dec. 28, 1885. The second session was held in Calcutta under the presidentship of Dadabhai Naoroji. The number of delegates increased every year. Some of the delegates were received as ‘distinguished visitors to the Capital’ by Lord Dufferin.Lord Dufferin the Viceroy supported the formation of the congress because because he wanted it to act as a ‘Safety Valve’ for popular discontent (He favoured the formation of the Congress because he thought that it would safeguard the British interest in India ) Aims of the Indian National Congress: 1. To promote friendly relations between nationalists workers from different parts of the country. 2. To develop feelings of national unity among all Indians irrespective of cast, creed or religion. 3. To draw up popular demands and present them to the Government. 4. To organise public opinion in the country. SPLIT IN THE CONGRESS 1907 Presided by Rs Bihari Ghosh ) Though Dadabhai Naoroji averted a split in the Congress at the Calcutta Session 19006 the differences between the 2 groups i. e. Moderates and Assertive Nationalists continued and rose up again at the Surat Session in 1907. 1. The Swadeshi movement cast its shadow on the growing differences between the Moderates and the Assertives. The Assertives wanted to extend the Swadeshi and boycott the rest of India and make i t a vehicle for a full-fledged political mass struggle leading to Swaraj. The Moderates however did not approve it for the whole of India and wanted it to be confined to Bengal only.Moreover, the Moderates did not want to extend open support to boycott which was in conflict with their policy of ‘petition and persuasion’. 2. There were differences between the two groups over the choice of Congress President. The Moderates proposed the name of Rash Bihari Ghosh and the Assertive wanted Lala Lajpat Rai. The split in the Congress was unfortunate because the Brit took advantage of the situation. They adopted the ‘Divide and Rule’ Policy appeasing the Moderates and Repressing the Assertive Nationalists. The Aggressive group was expelled from the Congress for the next 10 years.